." Abdullah himself denied that he was Fard, saying "It is all right to say I am Fard Muhammad for Wallace D. Muhammad. Fard, W. D. (c. 1877-1934), Religious and Political Leader The Nation of Islam list Muhammads birthday as February 26, 1877, celebrated as a holiday called Saviours Day. Black Muslims In 1934 he disappeared without a trace. The first is the expansion of Islamic statesthat is, states whose ruling elite consisted, Islam Just last year, however, I read a book that reintroduced Fard to my consciousness. He further reported that he was a resident alien and citizen of Afghanistan. However, Ford himself claimed to be from various places, including Spain and Hawaii. 1 is the location setting for several scenes in the book. Hijrah Magazine (MarchApril 1985). Modern Nation of Islam theology is based upon the belief that Fard's teaching of Elijah Muhammad was fulfillment of scripture regarding God's teaching of an Apostle, where Fard is described as "God in Person", the "Messiah", and the "Mahdi". On his 1917 draft card, under the name "Wallie Dodd Fard", he listed his place of birth as "Shinka" in Afghanistan. What seems most remarkable is that Fard seems to have utterly disappeared from the governments (especially the FBIs) radar after leaving Detroit in 1933. 2 was given by our Prophet, W.D. ", Read more about this topic: Wallace Muhammad. Some people claim that he died from injuries inflicted by the police while he was in jail. No further birth, marriage, or death records appear to exist for individuals matching Dodd or Muhammad. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/fard-w-d-c-1877-1934-religious-and-political-leader, "Fard, W. D. (c. 1877-1934), Religious and Political Leader He lived In Los Angeles. [40] Barton-Ford gave a description of Wallie Ford, and described him as a Caucasian New Zealander. He earned his living at various times as a restaurateur, gambler, bootlegger and traveling salesman. Reyes | Finn exhibit brings together more than 150 Detroit artists, Taurus Burns embraces his zebra stripes in Created Equal, Four queer, Black women explore the aftermath of heartbreak in Detroit art show. The FBI maintained an open file on Fard Muhammad up until as late as 1960, according to documents published through the Freedom of Information Act. [52] One theory postulated is that Fard was of Afghan heritage. Accordingly, he gave his followers Arabic names to replace those that had originated in slavery. Fard preached that blacks (who were not to be called Negroes) must prepare for an inevitable race war and that Christianity was the religion of slaveowners. To this day, nobody knows. The 2 smear campaigns that were released also have me wondering what the agency hoped to accomplish. He founded the religious movement in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 1930, and was its leader until 1934, his disappearance. They also have a similar receding hairline that poofs out along the side. On the question of a connection between the Nation of Islam and the Moorish Science Temple of America, Beynon wrote: "Awakened already to a consciousness of race discrimination, these migrants from the South came into contact with militant movements among northern Negroes. ), Mecca-born founder of the Nation of Islam (sometimes called Black Muslim) movement in the United States. From interviews with approximately 200 families who followed Fard, Beynon concluded: "Although the prophet lived in Detroit from July 4, 1930 until June 30, 1934, virtually nothing is known about him, save that he 'came from the East' and that he 'called' the Negroes of North America to enter the Nation of Islam. The Nation of Islam list Muhammads birthday as February 26, 1877, celebrated as a holiday called Saviours Day. See, The years 1891 and 1893 have both been cited by sources relying upon FBI records primarily. Evanzz believes that Fard immigrated to the United States via Canada in 1913. The past History shows that the ALMIGHTY ALLAH sends Prophets and Apostles for the people's Guide and Example, and through them HIS Mystery was Revealed. On the 1920 U.S. Census, Ford gave his race as White, his birthplace as New Zealand, and his age as 26. Fard, also known as Wallace Fard Muhammad, had a murky past. In 1934 he disappeared without a trace. The NOI teaches that Wallace Fard Muhammad was an avatar of Allah, who came to America to educate on this forgotten history. ", Fard used the name "W. F. Muhammad" on several lessons written in 1933 and 1934. What happened to Fard after he left Detroit? He told his followers that they were not Americans and therefore owed no allegiance to the American flag and could refuse to serve in its military. In 1933, Fard disappeared and a power struggle within the NOI emerged. It's the late 1950s and the civil rights movement is beginning to emerge. The effect of both these movements upon the future members of the Nation of Islam was largely indirect. After Wallace had renamed the group the World Community of Al-Islam (one of many name changes to follow), Farrakhan was able to reconstitute the NOI under his own auspices in 1979. They must live according to the law of Allah, avoiding all meat of 'poison animals', hogs, ducks, geese, possums and catfish. He spoke as a guest at the NOI temples in Detroit and Chicago. Both provided their race as "Spanish"; Ford claimed that his parents, "Zaradodd" and "Babbjie", were natives of Madrid, Spain. Some of his followers became suspicious of him, but he still commanded an impressive following of thousands and his message seemed to resonate well with the poor black population of Detroit. Wallace Fard Muhammad was the founder of the Nation of Islam. Replies analysing and speculating over the mystery and possible explanations are encouraged. But both Zared and Beatrice were said to have been born in Hawaii. She is first hypnotized by his voice, then by his message. In his 1965 book Message to the Blackman in America, which is a compilation of articles written by Elijah Muhammad for newspapers throughout the early part of his Ministry, he summarized what Fard taught him as follows: "He began teaching us the knowledge of ourselves, of God and the devil, of the measurement of the earth, of other planets, and of the civilization of some of the planets other than earth. [24] He established the Moslem Girls' Training and General Civilization Class, where women were taught how to keep their houses, clean and cook. Fard obliged and was last seen by Elijah Muhammad boarding a flight leaving Detroit airport. rcel.async = true; Fard disappeared in 1934. Fards First Temple of Islam included the Fruit of Islam, a military-like organization of black male converts, a Muslim Girls Training Corps Class and a University of Islam which, despite its name, was mainly focused on elementary and high-school level education. His very name is uncertain. Some sects within the Nation of Islam believed and still believe that Fard was murdered. Fard offered blacks a credo of moral and cultural superiority to their white oppressors. He is not to be confused with, Beynon's account of Fard and his followers, Efforts to trace Fard's history 19141926. Fard, 2017, by A.K. Officially, the NOI believes Fard departed Earth via supernatural means. But it's a dead end - as far as anybody in the country, or indeed the world is concerned, Wallace Fard Muhammed no longer exists. WebWallace Fard, also known as Wallace Fard Muhammad or Master Fard Muhammad (/ f r d /; reportedly born February 26, c. 1877 disappeared c. 1934), was the founder of the Nation of Islam. Others asserted that he had returned to Mecca to prepare for his eventual return. [16] From those interviews, Beynon wrote that Fard lived and taught in Detroit from 1930 to 1934. While there is plenty written about Ford, not much is known about Fard. '"[59], Elijah Muhammad, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 to 1975, heard Fard teach for the first time in 1931. 1962. [68][bettersourceneeded]. A son born to Allen during their marriage, Donald Campagna, is believed to be the result of an extramarital affair. The NOI teaches that Wallace Fard Muhammad was an avatar of Allah, who came to America to educate on this forgotten history. [41] Immigration records did not match any of his aliases. [60] Elijah Muhammad stated that he and Fard became inseparable between 1931 and 1934, where he felt "jailed almost" due to the amount of time that they spent together with Fard teaching him day and night.[60]. Sources: Immigration record of Khanialam Khan https://familysearch.org, FBI report on Wallace Fard Muhammad https://vault.fbi.gov, Mugshots of Wallace Fard Muhammad and Wallie Dodd Ford https://www.findagrave.com, Marriage record of Fred Dodd and Pearl Allen https://www.ancestry.com, Prison file of Wallie Dodd Ford https://www.ancestry.com, Draft registration card of Wallie Dodd Ford https://familysearch.org, Wallie D. Ford on the 1920 U.S. Census https://familysearch.org, Birth record of Fords son, Wallace Max Ford https://familysearch.org, Marriage record of Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Trevino https://familysearch.org, William D. Fard on the 1930 U.S. Census https://familysearch.org, Nation of Islam article refuting claims of Dodd and Muhammad being the same person https://www.noi.org. [25] One such lesson concludes with the text: "This Lesson No. It is important to realize that Farrakhan is the current leader of one of two main NOI factions that emerged after the Honorable Elijah Muhammads death on Feb. 24, 1975. Attendance at the house meetings grew until the listeners were divided into groups and taught in shifts. He bases this theory on several indications:[30], The 2019 book Finding W.D. A few of them had come under the influence of the Moorish-American cult which succeeded it. Otherwise he would chastise us with a severe chastisement until we did submit. Others, however, suggest that he was killed by [Sheik Claude] Greene's partisans. Master Fard taught his followers about a period of temporary domination and persecution by white "blue-eyed devils," who had achieved their power by brutality, murder, and trickery. On the draft card, "Ford" is written in parentheses in a different hand. What seems most remarkable is that Fard seems to have utterly disappeared from the governments (especially the FBIs) radar after leaving Detroit in 1933. WebWallace Fard, also known as Wallace Fard Muhammad or Master Fard Muhammad (/ f r d /; reportedly born February 26, c. 1877 disappeared c. 1934), was the founder of the Nation of Islam. His concepts attracted hundreds of followers to the Allah Temple of Islam (ATI), as he called his group. The onset of the Great Depression in 1929 added to the crushing poverty and racial discrimination felt by many black people and made some of them receptive to Fard's new religious message. rcds.appendChild(rcel); Black Muslims There were rumors about his whereabouts until the 1990s, when some believed he was still alive and living somewhere in California. Others asserted that he had returned to Mecca to prepare for his eventual return. He provided no known place of birth for his parents nor his date of immigration. [8][29], Karl Evanzz of The Washington Post submitted a Freedom of Information Act request to the FBI in 1978 requesting its file on Fard. The FBI opened an investigation into Fard in 1957 and closed it a year later in 1958. They must clean themselves up both their bodies and their houses. And those who follow the Apostle would see the Light. WebFard offered blacks a credo of moral and cultural superiority to their white oppressors. His color is listed as White. According to the FBI report, Fords prison file lists his birthdate as February 25, 1891, and his parents as Zared and Beatrice of Hawaii. At some point, he established a rudimentary church and read from the Bible, drawing in a mainly black Christian audience. He also listed his race as Caucasian and his birthdate as February 26, 1893. According to Bontemps and Conroy, Fard claimed that he was the reincarnation of Noble Drew Ali. [20] Fard prepared texts that served as authoritative manuals of the faith and were memorized verbatim by his followers. A fully equipped kitchen is available with all of the cooking essentials including a Keurig coffee maker w/coffee and hot cocoa. Excellent write-up! [39], On October 17, 1957, the FBI located and interviewed Hazel Barton-Ford, Wallie Ford's common-law wife, with whom he had a son named Wallace Dodd Ford, born on September 1, 1920. See alsoAfrican-American Religions; Black Muslims; Islam; Malcolm X; Muhammad, Elijah Karriem; Muhammad, Warith Deen; Nation of Islam; Qur'an. Within three years Fard had established several organizations: the "Temple of Islam," with its own worship style and rituals; the "University of Islam," to propagate his teachings; the "Muslim Girls Training," to teach female members home economics and how to be a proper Muslim woman; and the "Fruit of Islam," consisting of selected male members to provide security for the temple and Muslim leaders and to enforce the disciplinary rules. He was drawn to return to the United States in order to liberate the African-Americans from their half-slave and half-free condition. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. There is no doubt Fard had many enemies - even within his own organization. For some time, one W. D. Fard assumed leadership of the Moorish movement. Do you personally think Fard fled Detroit in the 1930s and lived on elsewhere, or do you think he was killed? [35], A marriage certificate dated June 5, 1924, was issued to Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Trevino (or Trevio) in Santa Ana, California. 44 records found for Wallace Rd, Oswego, KS 67356. His true identity remains unknown,[42] but there is strong evidence that the Nation of Islam founder Wallace D. Fard was the same man as Wallace Dodd Ford, an inmate in San Quentin Prison. Ugh, I've been going back and forth for the past ten minutes trying to decide if I think the pictures in link 1 and link 2 are of the same person. "[25] He went on to state: "Why is Stress made to the Muslims to Copy, the Minister, Elijah Muhammad's Answers? The culprits vary depending on who's talking. WebWallace Muhammad - Disappearance Disappearance In June 1934, Fard left Detroit for Chicago and disappeared without a trace. Obviously, there are some major differences of opinion here. The FBI then tracked down Wallie D. Ford's caucasian ex-wife, Hazel Evalsizer, living in LA. Two bedrooms, full bathroom, luxury linens, free washer and dryer and beautiful views. WebWallace Muhammad - Disappearance Disappearance In June 1934, Fard left Detroit for Chicago and disappeared without a trace. Some have suggested that he was a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America or the Ahmadiyyah Movement. He gained a reputation as a healer when his customers, after having adhered to the pork-free diet that Fard espoused, began noticing improvements in their health. Beynon described the substance of Fard's teaching as follows: "The black men in North America are not Negroes, but members of the lost tribe of Shabazz, stolen by traders from the Holy City of Mecca 379 years ago. He offered the media $100,000 if they could produce solid proof that Ford and Fard were the same person. [26], On November 20, 1932, James J. Smith, a black man, was killed by Robert Harris, who was his roommate and a member of the Nation of Islam, on a makeshift altar in what was described as a human sacrifice. -, Press J to jump to the feed. var rcds = document.getElementById("rcjsload_b42b6d"); [43] According to San Quentin records, Wallie D. Ford was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 25, 1891, the white son of Zared and Beatrice Ford, who were both born in Hawaii. Despite a lack of fame, Mr. Fards legacy lives on to this day whether most of us know it or not. [25][Note 2] Some of the lessons are in the form of questions asked by Fard to Elijah Muhammad. In 1933, Fard disappeared and a power struggle within the NOI emerged. What would he have thought of it? "Interaction Between 'Indigenous' and 'Immigrant' Muslims in the United States: Some Positive Trends." The Caucasians are the colored people, since they have lost their original color. I guess so, because if you compare their features (ears, nose, chin, mouth, eyes and eyebrows), they're very similar. He drew on various sources, including Noble Drew Ali's Moorish Science Temple of America, black nationalist trends like Garveyism, and black-oriented forms of Freemasonry. Encyclopedia.com. With growing prestige over a constantly increasing group, [Fard] became bolder in his denunciation of white people and began to attack the teachings of the Bible in such a way as to shock his hearers and bring them to an emotional crisis. He founded the religious movement in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 1930, and was its leader until 1934, his disappearance. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [14] He influenced his successor Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X and many other Black Nationalist thinkers. The FBI is keeping close tabs on them and, realizing they have nothing on its founder, open an investigation into the man known as Wallace Fard Muhammad, considered by the Nation of Islam's followers to be an actual incarnation of God. He advocated community members to establish and own their own businesses,[13] eat healthy, raise families, and refrain from drugs and alcohol. Did Marco Polo ever reach China? He could've at least sent a letter! r d / (born February 26, 1877) was a co-founder of the Nation of Islam. 1768, as located in "California, County Marriages, 18501952", index and images, FamilySearch (, FBI File SAC (100-26356) at 451473, SAC Chicago (100-33683), FBI File Director FBI (105-63642) at 248, SAC Chicago (100-33683), FBI File Director, FBI (25-330971) at 258, SAC Chicago (100-35635), Muhammad, Elijah (1964), Historic 1964 Buzz Anderson Interview, The Final Call, Muhammad, Jabril (1993) This is The One The Most Honored Elijah Muhammad We Need Not Look For Another, Vol. Fard appeared as a peddler "from the East," selling silks and other sundries and dispensing advice about health and spiritual development to his customers. After another brush with the law in April 1934, Fard left Detroit for good. The ATI was disbanded as ordered, though in name only; as the Nation of Islam, it continued to grow. And that she is number one to be destroyed. I am your brother. Lincoln, C. Eric. In as much as Elijah Muhammad recognizes W.D. WebWallace Fard Muhammad established the Nation of Islam in Detroit. He founded the religious movement in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 1930, and was its leader until 1934, his disappearance. According to the version of Elijah, he saw Fard off at the Detroit airport when Fard was being deported. The past is filled with elusive characters whose true identities tend to slip just beyond absolute description. Here in America they were living other than themselves. 1. This fiction is obviously not the truth, so what is the real story of Wallace D. Fard? He had been gone for 23_ years at this point and although important to the NOI, he would be hardly remembered anyone else! The ships manifest shows Khans nationality listed as East Indian, and his age as 31 years old. How did the founder of a group that recruited men like Malcolm X and Muhammed Ali slip under the radar so easily? Following his disappearance, Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as the chief of the Nation of Islam. WebThe FBIs FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. Essien-Udom, E. U. Karriem was found to be legally insane and was committed. [67] The FBI charged that Takahashi had been an influential presence in the Nation of Islam. During our colored and Negro days, he was Black. So said Jesse Jackson shortly after the H, According to accounts of the origins of the Nation of Islam (NOI), in the 1930s in "Paradise Valley" in Detroit, a silk peddler named W. D. Fard bega, The expansion of Islam historically embraces two phenomena. [4], Fard was arrested again on January 20, 1926, for violation of the California Woolwine Possession Act,[39] and on February 15, 1926, for violation of the State Poison Act, for which he was sentenced to six months to six years at San Quentin State Prison on June 12, 1926. Before arriving in Detroit in 1930, under the alias of David Ford, he attained a high rank in the Moorish Science Temple, a vaguely Islam-like religion that disbanded that same year. Some people probably think Elijah Muhammad did it himself, since he was pretty much the only person to have any kind of real relationship with Fard. On their marriage record, Ford gave his race as Spanish, his birthplace as Oregon, and his age as 26. How we had been made blind, deaf and dumb by this white race of people and how we must return to our people, our God and His religion of peace (Islam), the religion of the prophets. All written records and documents that he or other people filled out on his behalf list him as white or caucasian. Leader of the Nation of Islam They claim Wallace Dodd Ford was not Wallace Fard Muhammad. This was perhaps true, but the police recognized that Fard's preaching was encouraging extremist behavior and offered him an ultimatum: leave the city forever and avoid criminal charges. Whatever the case, Fard was a master at remaking himself and was apparently a very charismatic man. April 15, 2022. var rcel = document.createElement("script"); [27] "Harris had no standing in the order and was not regarded as a leader. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Fard appears in the novel Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides, in which Fard's Detroit Temple No. He was known usually as Mr. Wali Farrad or Mr. W. D. Fard, though he used also the following names: Professor Ford, Mr. Farrad Mohammed, Mr. F. Mohammed Ali. Personally I don't know enough about the context to form an opinion on whether he was murdered, but it wouldn't shock me if he was. [18] He began by selling silks door to door, telling his listeners that the silks came from their ancestral homeland. From then onwards, he is untraceable. Members of the movement believe Fard to be the incarnation of Allh, and his birthday, February 26, is observed as Saviours Day. To further muddy the waters, C.E. Fard reportedly claimed to have been born in 1877. One of the Conference Members by the name of Mr. Osman Sharrieff said to the Eleven Members of the Conference: 'The Lost-Found Nation of Islam will not return to their original Land unless they, first, have a thorough Knowledge of their own.' Jeffrey Eugenides novel Middlesex, which could justly be called a Detroit epic, includes a fascinating chapter in which the matriarch of the Stephanides family, Desdemona, takes a job as a silk worker at the Nation of Islams headquarters on Hastings Street. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, Beynon stated that Fard's position on human sacrifice "was never made clear. Fard, which contains 40 questions answered by Elijah Muhammad, one of the lost found in the wilderness of North America February 20th, 1934."[25]. In that year, he established in Detroit the Temple of Islm as well as the University of Islm, which was the temples school, and the Fruit of Islm, a corps of male guards. Lincoln, author of The Black Muslims in America, originally published in 1961, recounted a legend that described Fard as the black Jamaican son of a Syrian Moslem. This new movement, known as the Temple People, identifies the prophet, Mr. W. D. Fard, with the God, Allah. Fard snuck back into Detroit in January 1933, but was identified by authorities, arrested in May and again ordered to leave the city. One member of the group, later declared mentally insane, allegedly participated in "human sacrifice" in 1932 in an effort to follow lessons regarding the sacrifice of devils. [40] The FBI's search for Fard was officially closed the following year on April 15, 1958. Of course, his relative obscurity in the annals of history has much to do with his brief time in the public eye and the numerous aliases he assumed over the course of his life. Trevino was a 22-year-old native of Mexico also living in Los Angeles. Following his disappearance, Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as the chief of the Nation of Islam. [12], Fard taught a form of black exceptionalism and self-pride to poor Southern blacks during the Great Northward Migration at a time when old ideas of scientific racism were prevalent. Ford reported that he was a cook, age 26, born in Oregon and living in Los Angeles. What seems most remarkable is that Fard seems to have utterly disappeared from the governments (especially the FBIs) radar after leaving Detroit in 1933. The NOI consider Fard to have been a light-skinned black man. Practically none of them had been in the North prior to the collapse of the Marcus Garvey movement. He also offended some people when he allegedly claimed to be Drew Ali, the murdered founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America (another Islamic black nationalist group). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. After Fard Muhammad disappeared in 1934, the leadership of the NOI was assumed by Elijah Muhammad. The photo of Fard looks highly retouched, or whatever people did to photo before Photoshop, so whether it's the same person as in the mugshot is really hard to tell. In 1959, the FBI issued a smear story to a Chicago newspaper, claiming Fard was a Turk and a fascist sympathizer who had acted as a Nazi spy during World War II. There is no evidence to back any of this up, but the story was republished in several news outlets. Two sons of Elijah Muhammad have variously identified him either as an Ahmadiyyah missionary from Pakistan, a position supported by Imam Warith Deen Muhammad, or as an Arab of "Turko-Persian" origins, a view offered by Akbar Muhammad. The marriage did not last even a year; Ford accused his wife of being an alcoholic and a bad spender. All Rights Reserved. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad. In 1934, he disappeared from public record, and Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as leader of the Nation of Islam. Omissions? The FBI officially claims this: Fard got into hot water when in May 1933, one of his followers performed a ritual murder as a sacrifice to God. Since Mr. Fard has been deified, the Temple People raise to the rank of prophet the former Minister of Islam, Elijah Mohammed, now a resident of Chicago. [25] Nation of Islam theology states that this "Messenger" is Elijah Muhammad. The FBI were confident that Wallace Dodd Ford was, in fact, Wallace Fard Muhammad. He taught a unique form of religion which was based on Islam to members of the city's African-American population. Contemporary American Religion. In 2007, the Nation of Islam had an estimated membership of 20,00050,000. FBI records identified him as an unstable wanderer named Wallace Dodd Ford who came to the United States from New Zealand in 1913. He also taught us to give up all evil doings and practices and do righteousness or be destroyed from the face of the earth. W/Coffee and hot cocoa Note 2 ] some of the NOI believes Fard departed via. The story was republished in several news outlets, born in Oregon and living in Los Angeles seen! And closed it a year later in 1958 a co-founder of the NOI emerged ] Fard prepared texts that as! And living in Los Angeles wrote that Fard lived and taught in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in,! Their ancestral homeland Oregon, and Elijah Muhammad boarding a flight leaving airport. From those interviews, Beynon 's account of Fard and his followers, Efforts trace... Known as Wallace Fard Muhammad established the Nation of Islam ( sometimes called black Muslim ) in... Offered blacks a credo of moral and cultural superiority to their white oppressors and explanations... From 1930 to 1934 some of the faith and were memorized verbatim by his message have suggested he! Muhammad was the founder of a group that recruited men like Malcolm X and Muhammed Ali slip the... Leader until 1934, his birthplace as New Zealand, and was its until. Very charismatic man States that this `` Messenger '' is Elijah Muhammad him! Places, including Spain and Hawaii silks door to door, telling his listeners that the came! 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Ali slip under the influence of the Moorish Science Temple of Islam, it to! Or do you personally think Fard fled Detroit in the novel Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides, in fact Wallace... They were living other than themselves to door, telling his listeners the... Officially closed the following year on April 15, 1958 his voice, then by voice! See the Light white oppressors in 1930, and copy the text: `` lesson. Other black Nationalist thinkers known about Fard ] Immigration records did not match any of his aliases used the ``! Succeeded it power struggle within the NOI consider Fard to Elijah Muhammad succeeded him leader!