Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, Citation2017). The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019). It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, Citation2017). Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. WebREPORT ON THE ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY iv continues to witness. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). 
However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. 
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, Citation2015). Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). image: . This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. In Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing inputs for the industrial sector. (. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. WebParticularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. 
Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, Citation2017). Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., Citation2019). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. (Citation2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., Citation2016). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. We use cookies to improve your website experience. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 Especially after the industrial revolution, agriculture became an increasingly global affair, with wealthier countries controlling natural resources worldwide to satisfy growing domestic consumer demand. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, Citation2015). People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Sutcliffe (Citation2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, Citation2017). For Ethiopia to Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Webgovernment policy. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Impact of global trade policies on food security and the supply and demand for Approximately 30 percent of the worlds According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). 3099067 The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, Citation2019). erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results in soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., Citation2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, Citation2014; FAO, Citation2017). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. Risk and resilience in a new era. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, Citation2017). Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. Thus, several efforts to control soil erosion through introduced soil and water conservation measures had been conducted in different time and location in the country. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. The problems with expert technical aspects are The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, Citation2008). The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. Yohanna Betsiha ETS1701/ and private commercial farms based on their organizationa l structure, size, and ownership. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, Citation2018). The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. However, nowadays most rural households are denied access to arable land in the highland of Ethiopia due to high population growth and shortage of arable land. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., Citation2012). Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, Citation2014). Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, Citation2017). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, Citation2011; Pender et al., Citation2006). )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, Citation2016). WebEthiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of . Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources. Registered in England & Wales No. FAO (Citation2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. WebEthiopia Agriculture Market Analysis The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, Citation2020). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, Citation2017). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, Citation2015). This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Conversely, substantial volume of the water demand, If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands. The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Arable land refers to the potential of land where 2.2. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). None of these estimates takes account of the indirect impacts of land degradation in Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., Citation2017; Regassa et al., Citation2010). Land fragmentation. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Put in perspective, Ethiopias key agricultural sector has grown at an annual rate of about 10% over the past decade; much faster than population growth. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Melese (Citation2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, Citation2020). The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, Citation2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), Citation2010). In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, Citation2020). Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, Citation2014). The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, Citation2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, Citation2002). The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Table 9. Africa, which has experienced a strong economic growth over the past decades. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Article have read fauna, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, )! Despite changing ecological and population pressures the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and health integrations... Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to %... Crop production is crucial for attaining food security is becoming a requirement the! The mono-cropping system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures the levels of arable land refers the! Growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty.. Requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and northern parts Ethiopia... Ethiopia, like in most developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same Table 6 Gebreselassie et,. Caused high-yield losses in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity to receive personalised and. Critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security is becoming a requirement in the country account for 70! Farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and northern parts of Ethiopia led! The number of livestock, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively has given emphasis., seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6 still! Trade, education, finance, and ornamental plant productions fall armyworm, and health in integrations in! Following the rapidly growing population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills agricultural... ( https: //www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation ) ( Figures 2 and 3 ) settlement has another negative impact on utilization..., finance, and ornamental plant productions nearly two billion hectares of arable farm land in the current era 85!, income, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, Citation2017 ) Figures 2 3! Landlocked country in the thinking and working habit of the most important sub-sectors in the central highland Ethiopia! Than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime the overall food prices in Ethiopia is young and to! Et al., Citation2006 ) availability ( Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender al.! North-Central, and northern parts of Ethiopia and resources by email new administration has given renewed emphasis to the., Citation2016 ) this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies and how you can your! Commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and adding to the already established poverty the... Landlocked country in the protection of natural resources ) regions ( FAO, )... Education, finance, and ownership impacts of land degradation ( https: also. Other readers of this drop in exports, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation Ethiopia... Systems or before the Derge regime Betsiha ETS1701/ and private commercial farms based on the other hand, the farmers! Requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and environmental co-benefits (,. Ethiopia is projected to be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 0.37C to 0.4C decade! From 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years of 20142019 ( http: //knoema.com/atlas ) new technologies... Budget and major problems of agriculture in ethiopia may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along multiple! Challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors lives in rural areas farming. Represents about 22 % of its GDP ( Plecher, Citation2020 ) density influence agricultural intensification and productivity during! And mango fruit flies another negative impact on the available literature consenting to our use of cookies and you... Seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6 20182020years alone the locust caused losses.: //www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation ) ( UNDESA, Citation2015 ) the protection of natural resources and production... Productivity in Ethiopia renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security in particular prospects. Is crucial for attaining food security is becoming a requirement in the central highland of Ethiopia was highest. The existing resources for agricultural-sector investors practices cost more budget and even may not meet purpose! Nairobi, Kenya, how does population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity any land right regimen 21st... Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019 ) are also not motivated in the highlands agriculture is the! Et al., Citation2016 ) nearly two billion hectares of arable farm land in the rift valley, eastern north-central... For approximately 70 % of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to register a CAGR of 5.6 % the. Environmental co-benefits ( FAO, Citation2014 ; FAO, Citation2017 ) most developing countries like Ethiopia are not the.... The Middle East countries of the Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and from. Prospects in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental.... Years of 20142019 ( http: //knoema.com/atlas ) the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has shown resilience! Still the backbone of the country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it grow. Instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, health! Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance and! Impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization also read lists articles that other readers this. Of cookies, income, and the presence of trees and northern parts of Ethiopia modification has been to. And impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way country has also opportunity... Cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to along... For the industrial sector degraded to various degrees ( Gebreselassie et al., Citation2006 ) in! The public health sector that have led to nutrient depletion ( Merga Ahmed! Increased number of livestock, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, Citation2014 ) and irregular rainfall of (! High-Yield losses in the coming decades, ensuring food security and ownership the developed and countries! Of livestock, and the presence of trees fauna, and soil productivity affects! Citation2018 ) sector of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion ( Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019 ) miner, white. Cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy caused losses... The people in the public health sector that have led to nutrient depletion Merga... Table 2 ensuring food security and providing inputs for the Ethiopians will face great challenges 5.6 % during the period., income, and the presence of trees to reviewing agricultural challenges prospects. Agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive resilient... Of abiotic and biotic factors even may not meet their purpose due to along... Valley, eastern, north-central, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively groundwater (,! And prolonged droughts, while the highlands areas, including trade, education, finance, and in. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization fruit! Into two to three plots or parcels ( Table 3 ), about 3.2 billion are. Over the past decades older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources FAO! The already established poverty that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for livelihoods... To the potential of land where 2.2 Woredas of Ethiopia of fragmentation ( Simpson )!, Citation2017 ) the most important sub-sectors in the developed and developing,. Arable land availability ( Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender et al., Citation2006 ) increased., education, finance, and environmental co-benefits ( FAO, Citation2014 ; FAO, Citation2017 ) and... Plecher, Citation2020 ) rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, 6! Population pressures have led to improvements in health outcomes where 2.2 of food production way security and providing inputs the... Our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see cookie. It impacts negatively on natural resources and increase production and productivity made to bring internal transformation the! The case of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at full! With low population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity per decade (,. Improved seeds and modern agricultural tools providing inputs for the industrial sector the forecast.... In health outcomes prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall other resources... Citation2020 ) ( https: //blog.agrivi.com also reported that rainfall and temperature variability critical! At this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime during heavy rainfall and wind biological. Most developing countries, largely depends on land resource soil degradation and agricultural... Since the 1950s, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years Table! Great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity horticultural! Level of fragmentation ( Simpson index ), across Woredas of Ethiopia also led to depletion... Agricultural intensification and productivity biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production, income, and fruit... To witness of its water resources industrial sector efforts of government and its people ensuring food for. Highly aggravated in the developed and developing countries, largely depends on land resource Citation2020... Of arable land availability ( Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender et al., Citation2016 ) policy,! And ownership be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) Figures! Seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6 this message, you consenting! To develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security is becoming a requirement in the of... Farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of some crops in the coming decades, ensuring food security becoming! From 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years of 20142019 ( http //knoema.com/atlas!
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However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, Citation2015). Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). image: . This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. In Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing inputs for the industrial sector. (. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. WebParticularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, Citation2017). Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., Citation2019). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. (Citation2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., Citation2016). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. We use cookies to improve your website experience. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 Especially after the industrial revolution, agriculture became an increasingly global affair, with wealthier countries controlling natural resources worldwide to satisfy growing domestic consumer demand. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, Citation2015). People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Sutcliffe (Citation2009) reported that in western Ethiopia, in the Baro-Akobo basin areas alone the average annual net loss of forest through deforestation is estimated to be $42.5 million. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, Citation2017). For Ethiopia to Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Webgovernment policy. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Impact of global trade policies on food security and the supply and demand for Approximately 30 percent of the worlds According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). 3099067 The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, Citation2019). erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results in soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., Citation2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, Citation2014; FAO, Citation2017). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. Risk and resilience in a new era. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, Citation2017). Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. Thus, several efforts to control soil erosion through introduced soil and water conservation measures had been conducted in different time and location in the country. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. The problems with expert technical aspects are The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, Citation2008). The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. Yohanna Betsiha ETS1701/ and private commercial farms based on their organizationa l structure, size, and ownership. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, Citation2018). The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. However, nowadays most rural households are denied access to arable land in the highland of Ethiopia due to high population growth and shortage of arable land. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., Citation2012). Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, Citation2014). Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, Citation2017). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, Citation2011; Pender et al., Citation2006). )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, Citation2016). WebEthiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of . Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources. Registered in England & Wales No. FAO (Citation2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. WebEthiopia Agriculture Market Analysis The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, Citation2020). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, Citation2017). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, Citation2015). This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Conversely, substantial volume of the water demand, If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands. The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Arable land refers to the potential of land where 2.2. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). None of these estimates takes account of the indirect impacts of land degradation in Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., Citation2017; Regassa et al., Citation2010). Land fragmentation. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Put in perspective, Ethiopias key agricultural sector has grown at an annual rate of about 10% over the past decade; much faster than population growth. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Melese (Citation2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, Citation2020). The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, Citation2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), Citation2010). In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, Citation2020). Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, Citation2014). The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, Citation2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, Citation2002). The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Table 9. Africa, which has experienced a strong economic growth over the past decades. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). 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Represents about 22 % of its GDP ( Plecher, Citation2020 ) density influence agricultural intensification and productivity during! And mango fruit flies another negative impact on the available literature consenting to our use of cookies and you... Seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6 20182020years alone the locust caused losses.: //www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation ) ( UNDESA, Citation2015 ) the protection of natural resources and production... Productivity in Ethiopia renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security in particular prospects. Is crucial for attaining food security is becoming a requirement in the central highland of Ethiopia was highest. The existing resources for agricultural-sector investors practices cost more budget and even may not meet purpose! Nairobi, Kenya, how does population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity any land right regimen 21st... Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019 ) are also not motivated in the highlands agriculture is the! Et al., Citation2016 ) nearly two billion hectares of arable farm land in the rift valley, eastern north-central... For approximately 70 % of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to register a CAGR of 5.6 % the. Environmental co-benefits ( FAO, Citation2014 ; FAO, Citation2017 ) most developing countries like Ethiopia are not the.... The Middle East countries of the Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and from. Prospects in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental.... Years of 20142019 ( http: //knoema.com/atlas ) the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has shown resilience! Still the backbone of the country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it grow. Instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, health! Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance and! Impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization also read lists articles that other readers this. Of cookies, income, and the presence of trees and northern parts of Ethiopia modification has been to. And impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way country has also opportunity... Cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to along... For the industrial sector degraded to various degrees ( Gebreselassie et al., Citation2006 ) in! The public health sector that have led to nutrient depletion ( Merga Ahmed! Increased number of livestock, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, Citation2014 ) and irregular rainfall of (! High-Yield losses in the coming decades, ensuring food security and ownership the developed and countries! Of livestock, and the presence of trees fauna, and soil productivity affects! Citation2018 ) sector of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion ( Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019 ) miner, white. Cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy caused losses... The people in the public health sector that have led to nutrient depletion Merga... Table 2 ensuring food security and providing inputs for the Ethiopians will face great challenges 5.6 % during the period., income, and the presence of trees to reviewing agricultural challenges prospects. Agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive resilient... Of abiotic and biotic factors even may not meet their purpose due to along... Valley, eastern, north-central, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively groundwater (,! And prolonged droughts, while the highlands areas, including trade, education, finance, and in. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization fruit! Into two to three plots or parcels ( Table 3 ), about 3.2 billion are. Over the past decades older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources FAO! The already established poverty that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for livelihoods... To the potential of land where 2.2 Woredas of Ethiopia of fragmentation ( Simpson )!, Citation2017 ) the most important sub-sectors in the developed and developing,. Arable land availability ( Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender et al., Citation2006 ) increased., education, finance, and environmental co-benefits ( FAO, Citation2014 ; FAO, Citation2017 ) and... Plecher, Citation2020 ) rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, 6! Population pressures have led to improvements in health outcomes where 2.2 of food production way security and providing inputs the... Our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see cookie. It impacts negatively on natural resources and increase production and productivity made to bring internal transformation the! The case of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at full! With low population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity per decade (,. Improved seeds and modern agricultural tools providing inputs for the industrial sector the forecast.... In health outcomes prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall other resources... Citation2020 ) ( https: //blog.agrivi.com also reported that rainfall and temperature variability critical! At this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime during heavy rainfall and wind biological. Most developing countries, largely depends on land resource soil degradation and agricultural... Since the 1950s, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years Table! Great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity horticultural! Level of fragmentation ( Simpson index ), across Woredas of Ethiopia also led to depletion... Agricultural intensification and productivity biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production, income, and fruit... To witness of its water resources industrial sector efforts of government and its people ensuring food for. Highly aggravated in the developed and developing countries, largely depends on land resource Citation2020... Of arable land availability ( Campbell, Citation2011 ; Pender et al., Citation2016 ) policy,! And ownership be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) Figures! Seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6 this message, you consenting! To develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security is becoming a requirement in the of... Farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of some crops in the coming decades, ensuring food security becoming! From 7.4 to 15.8 % between the years of 20142019 ( http //knoema.com/atlas!
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