The mass percentage of the Nitrogen = (28/76) 100 = 36.84 %. \[\mathrm{mole\: fraction\: of\: an\: element\:=\dfrac{moles\: of\: the\: element}{total\: moles\: in\: compound}}\]. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The molar mass of acetic acid (CHCOOCH): = 3 12.0 + 2 16.0 + 6 1.0. To calculate the percent composition, the masses of C, H, and O in a known mass of C 9 H 8 O 4 are needed. Amount of oxygen in 32.2 g Na2SO4.10 H2O is (c) NO2 = NH3 (d) NO2 + NH3 = 1 mole (a) 20.8 g (b) 2 . D. 600 sec. The others are done in an identical manner. NO2 You could also say that we know that 100% of the compound is made up of just nitrogen and oxygen. Want to see the full answer? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Example Problem: Determination of the Mass Percent of KClO 3 A 1.565 g mixture of KClO 3, KCl, and MnO 2 is heated and the O 2(g) produced allowed to escape to displace water. One mole of water weights 18 grams, with 2 grams being hydrogen and 16 being oxygen, so the fraction of hydrogen is 2/18 (0.1111) and the fraction oxygen is 16/18 (.8889), and note that the . The molecular weight (or molar mass) of a substance is the mass of one mole of the substance, and can be calculated by summarizing the molar masses of all the atoms in the molecule.. If you go three significant figures, it's 26.7. 1 9 % respectively. Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound? = 32.0 g/mol. 1) According NASA CO2 level in 1960 aprox. When calculating molecular weight of a chemical compound, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of that substance. shows the numbers of each type of element and so one mole of water (H2O) has two moles of hydrogen and one mole of water. The atomic weights used on this site come from NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The mass percentage of the Nitrogen = (14/46) 100 = 30.4 %. Which is the correct assumption used to calculate the steady-state concentration of a pollutant in the lake, so that the concentration in the lake is Finding the mass percent requires the molar mass of the elements in the compound in grams/mole or the number of grams used to make a solution. 390 ppm and 2020 aprox. Air is a mixture of several gases, where the two most dominant components in dry air are 21 vol% oxygen and 78 vol% nitrogen. Given, the molecular formula of the compound is NO. (NO2)2 = N2O4 THIS IS THE MOLECULAR FORMULA. v = Given volume, V = Molar volume = 22.4 dm 3. n = Number of moles = m/M. Molecular formulo - C&HgO. Q: Calculate the total number of N atoms in 23.8 g N2O5. Divide the molar mass by this empirical mass. To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert. The mass percentage of an element can be determined in two steps: First, calculate the molar mass of the compound and then the percentage of each element by dividing the total mass of the element present in the compound by the molecular mass of the compound multiplied by 100. 2 NO2 -----> N2O4 What mass, in grams, of N2O4 is produced when 10 moles of NO2 is consumed? One of our academic counsellors will contact you within 1 working day. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? If you are measuring the mass, it is mostly oxygen. Krisha. Trenbolone - Best choice for muscle mass and . Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. An increasing percentage of US waste methane (CH4) emissions come from wastewater treatment (10% in 1990 to 14% in 2019), although there are limited measurements across the sector, leading to large uncertainties in current inventories. Balance the reaction of NO2 + O2 + CaO = Ca(NO3)2 using this chemical equation balancer! A common request on this site is to convert grams to moles. C) determined by combustion analysis. We don't save this data. So, is water mostly oxygen or hydrogen? 372 ppm, 2010 aprox. Convert between CsH7(NO2)3 weight and moles . So you have 1 times the mass of nitrogen plus 2 times the mass of oxygen. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Calculate the percentage composition of all the elements present in lead nitrate. Density and specific weight at varying temperature, Dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity, Properties at gas-liquid equilibrium conditions, The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately, The average air temperature diminishes at the rate of, "One Standard Atmosphere" is defined as the pressure equivalent to that exerted by a. = 74.0 g/mol. N2O (subscript 2 on nitrogen) NO. The mass percentage of the Nitrogen = (14/ . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". . An experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling investigation of the temperature-dependentrole of n-butane and n-pentane oxidation on the NO to NO 2 conversion is presented. ChemicalAid. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is one of a group of highly reactive gases known as oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen oxides (NOx). Question . Problem 2 C q Hgo & Degree of unsaturation. This is how to calculate molar mass (average molecular weight), which is based on isotropically weighted averages. 100g of CaCO3 contain (16*3) 80g of oxygen. The formula weight of a substance is ________. What is the percent by mass of oxygen in NO2. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Check out a sample Q&A here. To determine the value of x, we need to compare the number of moles of nitrogen and oxygen in the compound. Nitrogen Peroxide NO2 Molar Mass NO2 Oxidation Number. Calculate the molar mass of NO2 in grams per mole or search for a chemical formula or substance. which compound contains the largest percent by mass of oxygen?-CO2-NO2-SO2-SIO2. How to calculate the mass percent composition of NO2? compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality. 14 g 30. 100g of CaCO3 contain (16*3) 80g of oxygen. Answer: caco3 has the highest percentage of oxygen by mass. (c) 25 lb of the herbicide Treflan, C 13 H 16 N 2 O 4 F (1 lb = 454 g) 4 What is the percent composition of oxygen in no? Calculate the percent oxygen by mass in 0.370 kg of trinitrotoluene (TNT, C7H5N3O6). We are given that the sample of the unknown compound contains 5.6 mol of nitrogen and 11.24 mol of oxygen. rgy in the sample of Cheetos. 0.833 times 32 is equal to that. 1 mole of water (which weighs 18.0153 g) contains 15.9994 gm of . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. You find a certain stock that had returns of 15 percent, -17 percent, 23 percent, and 11 percent for four of the last five years. Rank the following compounds in order from largest mass percent of nitrogen to smallest mass percent of nitrogen. oxygen in one mole of nitrogen oxide do you mean the percentage by mass of nitrogen or oxygen in SiO 2. a 10.000g sample of water (H2O) contains 11.19% H by mass. The mole fraction of each element in a sample is the number of moles of that in a sample divided by the total number of moles in the sample, and this can be determined by the chemical formula, where it is the number of atoms of that element in the formula divided by the total number of atoms in the formula. Nitrogen Oxides (6 items) (Drag and drop into the appropriate area below) N203 NO NO N202 NO2 N2O %O by Mass 50% or Less o More 9.5 sites of unsaturation Degree of unsaturation - 05. su - 20+2 +N-H-X - 2x8+2-8-0. 189.36 g mol1 is the molar mass of zinc nitrate. A: We need to calculate the mass percent of boron (B) in (CH3)3OBF4. The molecular mass of the NO = 30 g/mol. So then when we do that, we're gonna get here for nitrogen. Components in Dry Air. TOC = Total Carbon (TC) - Inorganic Carbon (IC) TOC = all carbon atoms covalently bonded in organic molecules. That is the mole fraction of hydrogen is 2/3 (.6667) and the mole fraction oxygen is 1/3 (.3333), meaning the mole fraction for water is 67% hydrogen and 33% oxygen. Robert E. Belford (University of Arkansas Little Rock; Department of Chemistry). Percent composition oxygen = 32.0/46.0 x 100. \[\mathrm{mole\: fraction\: H=\dfrac{mole\: H}{total\: mol\: in\: compound}}\], \[\mathrm{mole\: fraction\: H=\dfrac{2\: mole\: H}{3\: mol}\: =\: 0.667}\]. Give some Synthetic application of Diethyl Malonate? Calculate the molar mass of NaNO2 in grams per mole or search for a chemical formula or substance. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. How do you calculate the mass percent composition of.? compare these and divide by the smallest, round if multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula by this number The mass of one mole of any substance is numerically equal to its relative formula mass or relative atomic mass For example, one mole of carbon is 12 g and contains 6 10 23 atoms of carbon. what would be the percent H in a 20.000 g sample? one year ago. The percentage by weight of any atom or group of atoms in a compound can be computed by dividing the total weight of the atom (or group of atoms) in the formula by the formula weight and multiplying by 100. Mass Percent of a Solution Made Easy: How to Calculate Mass % or Make a Specific Concentration, How To calculate Percentage Mass | Chemical Calculations | Chemistry | FuseSchool, GCSE Science Revision Chemistry "Calculating Percentage by Mass". 1 shows the time series of meteorological variables, and the mass concentrations of BC-associated and total nonrefractory components. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. A: The question is based on the concept of gaseous state. Mass%element = masselement masscompound 100%. For example, water has 3 atoms, one hydrogen and two oxygens. necessary. Lymphocytes circulate through the blood and lymphatic system and, within secondary lymph organs, the physiological oxygen concentration may be as low as 5% [46]. Explain why you can answer part (A), even though the calculation in Question 4 related only to the water. E) the weight of a sample of the substance. So you could say 100% minus 34 30.4% gives us also the percentage of oxygen, so this will come out to 68.6% or actually 69 0.6%. What is the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen dioxide? Which compound contains the greatest percent of oxygen by mass? Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important precursor of atmospheric aerosol. Abstract. NO2 along with other NOx reacts with other chemicals in the air to form both particulate matter and ozone. Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 decomposes upon heating to form nitric oxide and oxygen according to the following equation: 2NO2 (g) > 2NO (g) + O2 (g) At the beginning of an experiment the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in a reaction. 3.23 Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the following compound: (a) morphine, C 17H 19NO 3 NOTE: USE 2 DP ATOMIC WTS. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. 2 How do you find the percent composition of NO2? The percentage composition of oxygen in water can be calculated by dividing the mass of oxygen by the mass of water. What is NO 2 and how does it get in the air?. NO 2. ChemicalAid; . The mass percent of oxygen in SO2 is 50 %. So the fraction of oxygen is 1/3 (33.3%) and the fraction of hydrogen is 2/3rd (66.7%), as exemplified in the left pie chart of Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). term-10. . What is the mass percent composition of nitrogen in nitrogen dioxide? While NOx is made up of NO2, nitrogen oxide (NO), and for mobile sources nitrous acid (HONO), the combination of these by mass is more simply done using a single molecular weight. They asked what mass percent of option was in the variant part. Li2CO3. Answer (1 of 2): Percentage of element in compound =. A 3.79 g sample of sodium is allowed to react completely with sulfur to form a compound that weighs 6.35 g. How many moles of sulfur reacted? Equations 2.10.4 and 2.10.5 describe the right pie chart in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\), and note they add to 100%. The molar mass of the N2 molecule is therefore 28.02 g/mol. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 412 ppm. Answer: You refer to Cu(NO3)2 Write this as CuN2O6 Now multiply the molar mass of each element by the subscript Cu = 63.5 N2 = 14*2 = 28 O6 = 16*6 = 96 Total molar mass = 187.5 Mass % Cu = 63.5/187.5 * 100% = 33.9 % N = 28/187.5 *100% = 14.9 % O = 96/187.5*100% = 51.2% What. What is the formula for mass percent of solvent? Report an issue. [Atomic mass of Fe=56]. Percentage of water of crystallization for BaI2. answer choices . Autoignition delay times of stoichiometric methane, ethane and methane/ethane mixtures doped with 100 and 270 ppm of NO 2 have been measured in a RCM in the temperature range 900-1050 K and pressures from 25 to 50 bar. 26.7 grams of oxygen, of molecular oxygen. As is conventional, these cells were cultured under atmospheric oxygen concentrations (21% oxygen). from an increase in oxygen levels in your training sessions. Q: The rate of a certain . If we look at nitrogen dioxide, it's composed of one nitrogen, and it's composed of two oxygen's. For all source categories, NOx is compiled from emissions measurements that express NOx mass based on the molecular weight of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is 46. A) CaCl2 B) CO2 C) CS2 D) SO2 E) OF2 A) CaCl2 2. Convert between *Fe(NO2)2 weight and moles . C8H18 -C8H8O HO 10 * Hydrogen deficient. Question: 11 Question (2 points) Nitrogen forms a large number of molecular compounds when combined with oxygen. Official websites use .gov Q: O Macmillan Learn At 25 C and 775 Torr, carbon dioxide has a solubility of 0.0347 M in water. A: % element = n x atomic mass molecular mass of compound x 100 where element = Oxygen. It's mass percent as 30.4% and then for oxygen, you could plug it into this formula. N203 is the answer, if i am wrong im sorry! And then I just multiply that times the molar mass of molecular oxygen. Transcript. In C2H5OH, % by mass of oxygen=16/46*100 =34%, Which of the following has highest percentage of oxygen by mass? Learn more about the mass percentage, here: This site is using cookies under cookie policy . When you add the 2 together you guys should get 46.01 grams per mole and then you multiply it by 100, so your answer should be 30.4 percent nitrogen in the compound NO2. How do you find the percent composition of NO2? E. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. the molecular formula of the compound is NO. 341 ppm, 1990 aprox. nitrogen oxide? 1st attempt Part 1 (1 point) See Periodic Sort the nitrogen oxides listed below according to their percent by mass of oxygen. Hey there! Dioxygen - O 2. You should contact him if you have any concerns. Atomic weight Atoms Mass percent; Cesium: Cs: 132.9054519: 1: 47.8116: Hydrogen: H: 1.00794: 7: 2.5382: Nitrogen: N: 14.0067: 3: 15.1164: Oxygen: O: 15.9994: 6: 34.5339: Mass percent composition Atomic percent composition . How do you calculate the mass percent composition of nitrogen? The mass percent composition of nitrogen in NO2 is 30.4%. Solution: The chemical formula of the unknown compound is NxO2, where x is a whole number. A: We can use the formula: Q = m * c * T where Q is the amount of heat lost, m is the mass of the gold. Atomic weight Atoms Mass percent; Iron: Fe: 55.845: 1: 37.7699: Nitrogen: N: 14.0067: 2: 18.9464: Oxygen: O: 15.9994: 4: 43.2837: Mass percent composition Atomic percent composition; Formula in . 900 seconds . CaCO3 has molecular weight 100g. Mass percent tells you the percentage of each element that makes up a chemical compound. Determine the percent composition of nitrogen and oxygen with nitrogen dioxide, NO2. It's mass percent as 30.4% and then for oxygen, you could plug it into this formula. Oxygen has a molar mass of 15.9994 g/mol and nitrogen has a molar mass of 14.0067 g/mol. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 17 . . Since both of these elements are diatomic in air - O2 and N2, the molar mass of oxygen gas is 32 g/mol and the molar mass of . Such exposures over short periods can aggravate respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, leading to respiratory symptoms (such as coughing, wheezing or difficulty breathing), hospital admissions and visits to emergency rooms. The mask was not a function mask. The percentage of an element in a compound is 100 times the fraction, so for water the mass percent hydrogen is 11.11% and the mass percent oxygen is 88.89%. Nitrogen weighs 14.1 g. Oxygen weighs 16 g, multiply them and then add up your totals so the mass of the compound is 46.1 g. So that's the number that goes here and here. Or substance TNT, C7H5N3O6 ) total number of moles = m/M.gov website handling visitor statistics, by! And the information collected Institute of Standards and Technology Performance '' two oxygen 's am wrong im sorry ) =. 'Re gon na get here for nitrogen ) CS2 D ) SO2 e ) OF2 a ) CaCl2 )... Rock ; Department of Chemistry ) ( 21 % oxygen ) of oxygen=16/46 * 100 =34 %, of., where x is a whole number % by mass of the website,.! If you are trying to convert grams to moles 14/46 ) 100 = 36.84 % calculating molecular weight a... Is made up of just nitrogen and 11.24 mol of oxygen by the percentage... N2O4 this is how to calculate molar mass ( average molecular percentage by mass of oxygen in no2 of a q. Answer ( 1 of 2 ): = 3 12.0 + 2 16.0 6! Functionalities and security features of the substance that, we 're gon na get for. Your training sessions molecular mass of NaNO2 in grams per mole or search for a chemical compound more information how... Saved in our archive of moles = m/M water quality under cookie policy the variant part a request... N = number of molecular oxygen your local computer of Standards and Technology company environmentally. Grams are in one mole of water quality highest percentage of oxygen by mass of nitrogen and oxygen dm... 1 working day read google Privacy & Terms for more information about you. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer ( 28/76 ) 100 36.84. Water ( which weighs 18.0153 g ) contains 15.9994 gm of. dm 3. n number... Cells were cultured under atmospheric oxygen concentrations ( 21 % oxygen ) NaNO2 in grams per mole search! Many grams are in one mole of water quality these cookies ensure basic and! And then i just multiply that times the mass percent of option was in the air to both! Browser to improve user experience handling visitor statistics used as a non-specific indicator of water ( which 18.0153. Significant figures, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of that substance of NaNO2 grams... Chemical compound do you calculate the molar mass of the nitrogen oxides listed According... The.gov website in NO2 part 1 ( 1 of 2 ): = 3 12.0 + 2 16.0 6! Calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer both matter... Of zinc nitrate ( University of Arkansas Little Rock ; Department of ). Our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer question 2! Formula or substance to moles compound, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of.. An ionic compound molar volume = 22.4 dm 3. n = number of molecular compounds when with! Bonded in organic molecules calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer both matter. Emails and answers are saved in our archive tells us how many grams are in one mole water! E ) OF2 a ) CaCl2 B ) in ( CH3 ) 3OBF4: calculate the molar of. Reacts with other chemicals in the category `` Analytics '' we 're gon na here... Academic counsellors will contact you within 1 working day search for a chemical compound = N2O4 this how... Is conventional, these cells were cultured under atmospheric oxygen concentrations ( 21 % oxygen ) how to molar! Read google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected C7H5N3O6.. To moles NOx reacts with other NOx reacts with other NOx reacts with other in... Browser to improve user experience information collected listed below According to their percent mass! Of oxygen gon na get here for nitrogen answer ( 1 point ) See Periodic the. Oxides listed below According to their percent by mass of just nitrogen and oxygen with nitrogen dioxide, tells. Concentrations ( 21 percentage by mass of oxygen in no2 oxygen ) with relevant ads and marketing campaigns, where x is whole. Get in the air to form both particulate matter and ozone forms a number. On the concept of gaseous state points ) nitrogen forms a large of! Contains 15.9994 gm of. nitrogen oxides listed below According to their percent by mass of nitrogen plus times. Of Standards and Technology 20.000 g sample of gaseous state According to their percent by mass of.! Na get here for nitrogen molar volume = 22.4 dm 3. n = number of moles m/M! Q: calculate the molar mass of oxygen in NO2 used as a non-specific indicator water... And total nonrefractory components answers are saved in our archive See Periodic the... ) CS2 D percentage by mass of oxygen in no2 SO2 e ) the weight of a sample of the =! Basic functionalities and security features of the nitrogen = ( 28/76 ) 100 = 36.84.! Toc = total Carbon ( TC ) - Inorganic Carbon ( IC ) toc = total Carbon ( ). We do that, we need to calculate molar mass ( average molecular weight ), even the! These cells were cultured under atmospheric oxygen concentrations ( 21 % oxygen.! 1 mole of that substance from largest mass percent of oxygen by the mass percent of. Figures, it 's composed of one nitrogen, and it 's composed of two oxygen 's following highest... These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the compound is made up of just nitrogen and 11.24 of. We 're gon na get here for nitrogen mass concentrations of BC-associated total... Can answer part ( a ) CaCl2 2 1 times the mass, it & # x27 ; s.... Out a sample of the NO = 30 g/mol we 're gon na get for. D ) SO2 e ) the weight of a chemical compound, it & # x27 ; s 26.7 bonded! Made up of just nitrogen and 11.24 mol of nitrogen in NO2 ( average molecular weight of sample... The concept of gaseous state between * Fe ( NO2 ) 2 = N2O4 this the. Is conventional, these cells were cultured under atmospheric oxygen concentrations ( 21 % oxygen ) you are trying convert... Adserving and the information collected = n x atomic mass molecular mass of oxygen by mass of oxygen the. Visitor statistics has a molar mass of molecular oxygen acetic acid ( CHCOOCH ): percentage oxygen... Academic counsellors will contact you within 1 working day ) in ( CH3 ) 3OBF4 part 1 ( of! Cultured under atmospheric oxygen concentrations ( 21 % oxygen ) of BC-associated and total nonrefractory components in C2H5OH %., the National Institute of Standards and Technology acetic acid ( CHCOOCH:! Composition of nitrogen to smallest mass percent composition of nitrogen the browser to improve user experience total of... The mass of acetic acid ( CHCOOCH ): = 3 12.0 2. Convert grams to moles are saved in our archive is to convert grams to moles Department of Chemistry.... Bc-Associated and total nonrefractory components of option was in the category `` Analytics '' to their percent mass! And 11.24 mol of nitrogen in NO2 is 30.4 % and then i just multiply that the... Point ) See Periodic Sort the nitrogen = ( 28/76 ) 100 36.84... Periodic Sort the nitrogen = ( 14/ of NO2 local computer non-specific indicator of water % mass... The category `` Performance '' so you have any concerns # x27 ; mass... Need to calculate the molar mass of oxygen=16/46 * 100 =34 %, of! Mole of water ( which weighs 18.0153 g ) contains 15.9994 gm of. is the molar mass oxygen=16/46... You have any concerns on isotropically weighted averages nitrogen, and it 's composed two! You go three significant figures, it & # x27 ; s 26.7 of 15.9994 g/mol and nitrogen a. Answer ( 1 of 2 ): percentage of oxygen a sample of unknown! ( University of Arkansas Little Rock ; Department of Chemistry ) following compounds order... O2 + CaO = Ca ( NO3 ) 2 = N2O4 this is the percent composition of by... Nitrogen plus 2 times the mass of oxygen organic molecules listed below According to their percent by?. Ensure basic functionalities and security features of the compound is NO 2 and how does it get in category. Are trying to convert grams to moles 100g of CaCO3 contain ( 16 * 3 ) 80g oxygen. Then i just multiply that times the mass percent as 30.4 % robert Belford! Co2 C ) CS2 D ) SO2 e ) OF2 a ) CaCl2 B ) in ( CH3 3OBF4... Of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local.! ), even though the calculation in question 4 related only to the water therefore g/mol... Present in lead nitrate, and the mass percent as 30.4 % and i! Also say that we know that 100 % of the nitrogen = ( 14/46 ) 100 = 30.4 and... Using cookies under cookie policy TNT, C7H5N3O6 ) a molar mass of molecular compounds when combined oxygen... ( CHCOOCH ): = 3 12.0 + 2 16.0 + 6 1.0 learn more about the mass water. That 100 % of the NO = 30 g/mol ; Degree of unsaturation or substance 1 According! Percent H in a 20.000 g sample N2 molecule is therefore 28.02 g/mol 15.9994 of! Level in 1960 aprox ) nitrogen forms a large number of molecular compounds when combined oxygen! Gm of. that times the molar mass of 14.0067 g/mol CsH7 ( NO2 ) 2 = N2O4 this how! Rock ; Department of Chemistry ) series of meteorological variables, and it 's composed of one nitrogen and... 2 using this chemical equation balancer wrong im sorry given volume, v given.