Driven by the hypervelocity impact deformation, melted and fractured rocks will be accelerated behind the shock front initiating in the second stage the excavation mass flow. <> We see that shock wave and rarefaction wave propagation are essential in the formation of a meteorite impact crater. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. You will have to calculate an approximate image scale from the height of the peak in the foreground.) Fig. Like snow accumulation on Earth, Martian dust can become so thick that it eventually slides down the . 15 0 obj Three types of sedimentary rock "texture" are clastic, chemical, and biologic. On propagating roughly hemispherically into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy diminishes and so does pressure and temperature. Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces. <> Mass movement is the displacement of material by landslides or slumping through the action of gravity. All four geologic processes can act to shape a planetary landscape. On Mars, meteor storms 100 million years ago may have literally shaken the Red Planet to the core and destroyed its magnetic field. Kathleen Mark: Meteorite Craters. | Mafic rocks may contain light colored minerals as well. Impact craters allow scientists to study a planet's geological historyeven when the records are buried beneath the surface. HVsT{! Fig. When an asteroidal or cometary object strikes a planetary surface, it is traveling typically at several tens of kilometres per secondmany times the speed of sound.A collision at such extreme speeds is called a hypervelocity impact. How the atoms and molecules are arranged and the strength of the bonding between the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals. Justify your answer? 19.) Procedures and Questions: Part 3 Now we examine some Valleys west of Chryse Planitia. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl , a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (1906-1972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s. Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. Some of this tiny debris makes it to Earth's surface and is mixed with soil and ocean sediment. Three processes help Earth keep its surface crater free. Smaller planets have less gravitational "pull" than large planets; impactors will strike at lower speeds. 2. 10. This means that the minerals in the rock are all aligned with each other. Justify your answer. b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. That means it is more likely it will cool into hexagonal chunks. As on the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and most of the outer planet satellites, impact craters are found on the surface of Mars. A projectile (like the small plastic sphere) produced the crater in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment. Earth has weather, water, and plants. In what direction did the water flow? Something we dont understand very well on the geological side (of crater formation) is, we still find it difficult to determine the trajectory of impacting objects for most impact craters, Kring said. 5. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11)? Intermediate compositions have an intermediate color, often gray or consisting of equal parts of dark and light mineral. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. The first is called erosion. stream endobj crater: [noun] the bowl-shaped depression around the orifice of a volcano. Spreading outwards from the point of contact, compressive shock waves are permanently reflected from the free target surface as tensile rarefaction waves of comparable intensities and, like the shock waves, are propagated downwards. 11. This especially concerned also the vaporization of the impactor by shock-induced temperatures and, at that time, let the mining engineers helpless when they did not encounter the expected 50 m-diameter iron meteorite beneath the floor of the Barringer (Meteorite) crater. Pegmatitic texture is composed of very large crystals (larger than 2-3 cm). Which of the four geologic processes might be responsible for the formation of Ius Chasma? Heavy elements began sinking past the oceans and magma toward the center of the planet. ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl, a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (19061972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s.[1]. Explain their similarities and their differences. Justify your answer. 7. | What happens when an impactor hits? Indeed, impact craters are one of the most common geological landforms on the majority of rocky terrestrial planets, asteroids, and many of the rocky and icy moons of the inner and outer Solar System. On relieving of pressure, there is an elastic rebound at the crater floor now hosting a layer of brecciated rocks. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. The Moon does not. Fig. Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. Not a model for impact crater formation. These temperatures are enough to more or less completely vaporize the impactor and a volume of the target rocks roughly comparable to the volume of the impactor, resulting in a giant expanding impact vapor plume. 16 0 obj Justify your answer. Tycho meteorite crater on the Moon. Hailstone craters. Nrdlinger Ries. 64 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 67 /H [ 1386 410 ] /L 650227 /E 81951 /N 10 /T 648829 >> endobj xref 64 40 0000000016 00000 n 0000001148 00000 n 0000001239 00000 n 0000001796 00000 n 0000002003 00000 n 0000002201 00000 n 0000003272 00000 n 0000024708 00000 n 0000025396 00000 n 0000025631 00000 n 0000025838 00000 n 0000025860 00000 n 0000027000 00000 n 0000027021 00000 n 0000027987 00000 n 0000028008 00000 n 0000028954 00000 n 0000028976 00000 n 0000029201 00000 n 0000052704 00000 n 0000052813 00000 n 0000052949 00000 n 0000053657 00000 n 0000054803 00000 n 0000054825 00000 n 0000056166 00000 n 0000056188 00000 n 0000056418 00000 n 0000057063 00000 n 0000074311 00000 n 0000075796 00000 n 0000075818 00000 n 0000079253 00000 n 0000080340 00000 n 0000080362 00000 n 0000080440 00000 n 0000081616 00000 n 0000081723 00000 n 0000001386 00000 n 0000001774 00000 n trailer << /Size 104 /Info 61 0 R /Root 65 0 R /Prev 648819 /ID[<24352f81424cd2ed977e32ba7ccafc84>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 65 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 58 0 R /AcroForm 66 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 54 0 R /Helv 55 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 56 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 102 0 obj << /S 247 /V 348 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 103 0 R >> stream Moon craters are formed by volcanism and cratering. Meteorite impact spallation: from mega- to micro-scale, The suevite layer outcrop near Fuentes Calientes, Rubielos de la Crida impact basin (Spain), Selection of other publications of interest, New article on the geology of the Iberian System, Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach, Making impacts: experimental hypervelocity crater generation, Earth Impact Database - Database of Earth Impact Structures - Meteorite Craters, Impact structure and meteorite crater glossary. 6). 5 0 obj 22. Consult your lab manual for detailed discussion. T U ; = B } ~ x z h_X B* CJ ph h_X B* ph (Viking mosaic P-17698) 9. 7. Enormous collapse calderas are found on the summits of each of the volcanoes. Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). <> The reflected tensile stresses are insofar crucial as the tensile strength of rocks is much lower than the compressive strength. It was declared a national monument by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924. These act together to break apart and wear down the ground. How many objects from space impact Earth each year? 13). How scientists solved the riddle of these mysterious landforms. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals that are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals. Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. Partner, Earth and Space Science News for Educators. (Hint: the region slopes to the north.) Both minerals are composed of carbon (C). (Hint: remember that wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows.) Fig. Do you think the surface of Olympus Mons is geologically old or young, compared to the surface of the Moon? The large circular dark areas in the image are impact basins, created as huge impactors struck the Moon. Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? Such a high-speed impact produces a crater that is approximately 20 times larger in diameter than the impacting object. <> The high-speed impact of a large meteorite compresses, or forces downward, a . This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. Craters come in two flavors: those that aren't caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. 6. <> Foliated textures show a distinct planar character. Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". Galileo Image (PIA00405), produced by the United States Geological Survey, courtesy of NASA. 20. A good example is diamond and graphite. JI,ZbXr}n9=^,eIgtU_=F#-K}_^(qyk1bZe|}elK)&Hc:GVtOd~Y@0IA$2i hvF~/_?g@-)(|#)s5.eK%x]G4;kY|^B8I(JY4+Tl7l1Q)>.ux92BfiYnWy%:./#5*j?hv`SEzY8D7\I&RdEO)I[G*ZGy7HjkvKXE@tiYrG:f3' uoiTK"EF]d[59qqgrP~ "UJ|gmPBO(+aS7Gj{k}xeET]A EIx-X]28dy,}Isx.cepq 7rbr:^v4>iHJgEqA&`DA.FYle1}7#W;G-+h What are some of Earth's famous impact craters? Meteors incorrectly called shooting stars are the streaks of light created as particles of dust and ice vaporize in our atmosphere. Impact cratering is the excavation of a planet's surface when it is struck by a meteoroid. {u/ 8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y > h] bjbj!! And again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. Most obsidian is felsic in composition, yet typically it will have a very dark color (dark brown to black). <> . Kaali Crater Field. Albite and anorthite are two examples. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. Keep track of the craters you measured. More elongate craters can be produced if an impactor strikes the surface at a very low angle less than 20 degrees. %PDF-1.4 % The 50 km-diameter Mathilde asteroid has a mean density of 1.3 g/cm only and is considered a kind of rubble pile. endobj Procedures and Questions: Part 5 Finally, let's examine Apollinaris Patera and surrounding region. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p. Igneous rocks are rocks that solidify from molten material (magma). Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. Textures are based primarily on crystal size. Hesperia Planum, showing bright windstreaks associated with some of the craters. Limestone may or may not contain fossils. endobj For the following, you will use the knowledge from previous questions to identify Martian landforms and describe the geologic processes that created them. <> Non-foliated textures have minerals that are not aligned. Code of Conduct Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. Dark colors, such as black and dark brown, indicate a mafic or ultramafic composition. Once these two characteristics have been identified, the Igneous Rock Identification chart can be used to help identify the rock name. Metaconglomerate is composed of pebbles and gravel that have been flattened due to directed pressure. The GIF below shows the formation sequence of the model (a YouTube . The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. It has some of the clearest water in the world, and the bottom lies nearly 2,000 feet below the surface, making it the deepest lake in the United States.You can gaze down on it from lookouts along the Rim Drive, part of the 500-mile-long Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.Or you can peer into its depths during a boat tour to Wizard Island (formed by a more . This new crater candidate with fluvial morphological units preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes . However, there are exceptions. Since tectonic plate movements has erased much of Earths crater record, the answers to the lingering questions about crater formation and timelines lie in the exquisitely preserved craters on the moon. 15. But until NASA returns to the lunar landscape, researchers must rely on shockwave simulators, mathematical models and the well-worn geological formations on Earth to estimate how and when another impact event might occur. These are not commonly tested for in an introductory lab. During the excavation phase, the massive shock wave causes the projectile to simultaneously melt and vaporize, spewing plumes of searing hot rock vapor miles high into the atmosphere. The extreme environmental shifts caused a mass extinction of 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs. 21. Halite is common table salt and is most easily identified by taste. 12 0 obj 19. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. Press, Oxford, 1989. Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. The shock wave fractures the rock and excavates a large cavity (much larger than the impactor). The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have been as much as 300 kilometers (185 miles) across. Four minerals that need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite. 4. Aphanitic texture is a fine grained texture but the crystals are too small to see. Larger, more forceful impact events will form complex craters in which the rock at the center of the crater rebounds from the downward pressure of the shock wave and uplifts into a mound-like formation. Craters are roughly circular, excavated holes made by impact events. Therefore, a simplified system is used based on texture and composition. At the edges of lunar maria, there are often damaged walls of craters formed before the maria. Planetary scientists have established from lunar samples returned by Apollo missions that the rate of large asteroid impacts on the Moon was very high after the Moon formed 4.5 billion years ago and then declined rapidly between 3.8 billion and 3.5 billion years ago. by lava flows that obscured the older craters. Craters produced by the collision of a meteorite with the Earth (or another planet or moon) are called impact craters. For instance, the famous Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, is thought to be the site of the meteor impact that instigated the K-T event, which wiped out the dinosaurs in a mass extinction that affected much of life on Earth. Inclusion, Diversity, Equity & Accessibility (IDEA). Given such drastic, far-reaching outcomes of space rock impacts, Kring said that studying crater formation holds the answer to understand not only how life on Earth began but also how it could be wiped away again in a future, perhaps inevitable, K-T event. Extensional stresses have led to the formation of great valleys such as Valles Marineris, the longest canyon system in the solar system. Coquina is composed almost entirely of shell or fossil fragments. <> 14 0 obj Correspondingly, a zone of rock melt follows the vaporized zone, and when shock energy is further lowered rocks will only be heavily damaged (fractured, brecciated) with decreasing intensity. Tswaing Crater. Find more similar flip PDFs like Planetary_Geology. 16. Look this information up in your lab manual once the mineral has been identified.StreakColor of the mineral when it is powdered.Grind a small amount of a mineral into a powder on a porcelain streak plate and determine the color of the powder.TasteNerve ending reaction in the tongue to different chemicals.Lick the mineral. There is no other reasonable explanation for the occurrence of such a peculiar structure at the bottom of the glacial Lake Chiemsee. 1}bRX12AMAWQe'=u"tP]]!|SdX"uk3&~m?B?_OuG+ s6S x> PY4/'!~OFZUT=ayZBxY`=j 0 "(_Cye@2UGDkA;$V+ "+.m This portion of the Moon is covered by numerous circular holes. Explain your answer. % Compare Apollinaris Patera (marked A on Figure 5) to Olympus Mons (Figure 1). Before focusing on this important question, we have first to clarify the meaning of the term meteorite impact crater or impact structure. Explain why you believe this is so. A geologic process. Why does the Moon have so many craters while Earth has so few? Although Mars does not have plate tectonics like the Earth, there are many tectonic features that show its surface has been deformed. During the final modification phase, the remainder of ejecta partially refills and rings the crater site, and debris forms a rich mineral composite called breccia. Degraded craters -- Craters that have become eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or downslope movement of material. * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project The ejecta blanket has lobes, which may indicate wet material was ejected, suggesting that subsurface water or melted ice was mixed into the debris. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. Image from the Mars Global Surveyor, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. Thank you for your participation! Coal is usually obvious to most students even though few people seem to have ever actually examined it up close. Give evidence for your answer. Early in the formation of our solar system (before 3.9 billion years ago) there was lots of large debris striking the surfaces of the young planets and moons; these older impact basins are larger than the more recent craters. Are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys? The transition from simple to complex craters occurs at about 1.5 to 4 km (depending on the target rocks) final diameter for terrestrial craters and is much larger (c. 15 km) for craters on the Moon. Check Pages 101-150 of Planetary_Geology in the flip PDF version. This flow field grows with time, and the rock mass flow is directed upwards, sideward and downwards. A good example is the mineral plagioclase. 10 12 exemplify typical terrestrial structures. Below a trajectory defining floor and walls of the expanding cavity, the rock material cannot leave and is compressed sideward and downwards. Large crustal blocks were merging together to create the . Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. Image credit: NASA. What geologic process do you think formed Reuyl (labeled B)? Craters are the most common surface features on many solid planets and moonsMercury and our Moon are covered with craters. And although these are abundant on the . Planet Earth holds some of the strangest, natural tourist . The first reason is that Earth's surface is continuously changing because we live on a geologically active planet. 9). Early in the formation of the solar system, frequent and large impacts were common for all of the planets and moons. Olympus Mons is only one of four huge volcanoes in a 3000 km-wide region called Tharsis. For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. : Impact cratering. Fragments of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater. Measure and record the east-west and north-south diameters. Here is a look at the violent, battered past of the . Which is larger, and by how much? Cooling of the magma can occur beneath the surface (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). Gypsum is relatively soft (Hardness =2) and can be scratched easily with a fingernail. Lava later flowed across the low floors of the basins, giving them a darker, smoother appearance than the surrounding, brighter highlands. Vesicular texture is formed when lava solidifies before gases are able to escape. must an impactor be to produce a given size impact structure? Suggest some ways in which the scarp around Olympus Mons might have formed. Image credit: NASA. [Hint: use the principle of cross-cutting relations to justify your answer.] Sedimentary rock identification is primarily based on composition. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. Statistically, impact trajectories most abundantly form an oblique 45 angle with the target surface. <> ), 1987, Glossary of Geology. But no matter at what angle it makes contact, the enormous amount of kinetic energy the projectile carries immediately transfers to the target rock it hits, triggering powerful shock waves. And so far, the crater formation process has only lasted a few seconds. Oblong craters can be created by impacts striking the surface at a very low angle. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. 2 0 obj In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. 13 0 obj Igneous rocks can be identified by the determination of the composition and texture of the rock. Reuyl, Dirk. Image credit: NASA. Fortunately, these two aspects determine a mineral's physical properties. 20. What are craters? Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater) in Arizona, United States, is a simple crater created when a 50-meter-wide (160-foot-wide) iron-rich meteroid struck Earth's surface about 50,000 years ago a very recent event to a geologist. '' are clastic, chemical, and a sequence of geologic features can be easily... Wear down the Three processes help Earth keep its surface has been.. 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In 1924 smoother appearance than the impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize planets and.. Pegmatitic texture is composed of very large impact STRUCTURES meteorite craters, what wind direction is here! Rocks that solidify from molten material ( magma ) is a stub into small pieces may... Be scratched easily with a conchoidal fracture ( broken glass also shows this type of fracture ) tectonics the... The floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes ) across and... Changing because we live on a dramatic scale ice vaporize in our atmosphere geologically! Can be scratched easily with a fingernail 1987, Glossary of geology he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ 5CJ! In different physical properties for different minerals is mixed with soil and ocean sediment Viking... Preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes calculate an approximate image scale from Mars... 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Produce a given size impact structure for larger transient craters the modifications may take on a geologically planet! [ noun ] the bowl-shaped depression around the orifice of a planet & # x27 ; s what process do you think formed reuyl crater when... And impact cratering the meaning of the lunar and planetary Institute so far, the 's. That means it is the oldest and largest impact crater or impact structure large meteorite compresses or! And moonsMercury and our Moon are covered with craters, brighter highlands for!,8FRc g3g86y~D # * } so '' to create the however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus is... To calculate an approximate image scale from the Mars Global Surveyor, courtesy of NASA responsible the! 'S species, including the dinosaurs a darker, smoother appearance than the impacting.... Kilometers ( 185 miles ) in diameter but the crystals are too small to.! So most of its craters are the most common surface features on many planets.