consider becoming an Ongoing Supporter at just $5/month, Greg Judys Success Making it Through This Summers Drought, Choosing the Right Partner for a Custom Grazing Deal. Because soybean meal contains insufficient undegraded protein, it is likely that highly productive animals will be unable to consume it. Overheating causes the rumen to degrade phytate, which makes it more difficult for it to absorb dietary phosphorus. 0000063502 00000 n They are often incorporated into dairy cattle diets to help stretch forage supplies or to minimize risk from rumen acidosis. Certain applications and/or services may fail to function as expected in some cases. The table expresses eNDF as a percentage of NDF. information is determined using digestion trials, but it is not practical to test Whole raw soybeans can be fed to cows as a protein and energy source as long as the beans are properly dried. Typical composition of feeds and forages. causing the pH to drop. In comparison to soybean meal,WSB has a lower protein content and a higher net energy content because it is high in fat. feed nutrient composition, physical and digestive characteristics, and the animals Care is needed not to prolong the heat . Use Caution When Feeding Soybeans to Cattle. If you cant feed your cattle larger amounts of food, you can use a slow-release formula to help them gain weight slowly. Researchers recommend mixing 70 percent WDG and 30 percent soybean hulls when filling bags or silos. Recent studies at Penn State have shown that 20-25% of veal and dairy-beef calves do not receive colostrum prior to sale. "Now, most feed tests do not analyze for fat content so youd have to ask for that to be a special test.". Three marketing years of soybean production and soybean meal are shown in the following table and chart. Because soybean meal (SBM) is a good source of protein in calf starters for many years, some diets may include increased protein utilization through heat treatment to reduce the degradable properties of the protein. Ether extract (EE) is the fat or lipid portion of the feed. Preservatives in soybean meal can limit the amount of phosphorus available in monogastric animals, making it nutritionally unavailable and reducing the availability of P and minerals like calcium. Gluten Feed Gluten Meal Grass Seed: - Bent - Bermuda - Blue - Blue English - Bromus Inermus - Carpet - Dalis - Herds - Hungarian - Johnaon - Lawn - Orchard . A Taste Of History: Exploring The Fascinating Origins Of The Waldorf Salad. 0000022151 00000 n English is the primary language on this page. When it comes to protein, you should pay attention to the quality. Food processing is necessary for both humans and animals. Crude protein accounts for about 40% of the crop, while fat accounts for about 20%. carbohydrate digestibility in ruminants (Figure 2). In general, it has been suggested that the ability of essential amino acids to be digestible and available improves when autoclaved at 121C for 20 minutes. In comparison to the 5.4 percent fat group, the 5.7 percent fat group produced the highest milk yield, as fat percentages increased. . However, a good rule of thumb is to provide 1-2% of the animal's body weight in soybean meal per day. About 54% of the soybeans produced in the United States were processed into 35.3 million tons of soybean meal and about 78% of this was eaten by animals. Cyanide is formed as a byproduct of boiling soybeans. the scratch value of the feed. ]230sLSx'_#4Q5AE $fH4sg[ULfmK5/*#qynS9pn +Q33?kq*qau]3]qn(VQ]4Lzr3r, RHK>x@@}6ca)s> Then divide that number by how many days until you want the cow to reach its target weight. Corn gluten feed is a good feed for beef cattle; however, producers should be aware of some potential problems with this feedstuff. The urease in raw soybeans rapidly degrades urea into ammonia. The main reason people feed soybean meal to their horses is to be protein-rich. If a cow weighs over 1,000 pounds, it will be difficult to fit all of it into a single space. 0000066060 00000 n 0000063843 00000 n The full fat content of soya makes it an excellent feed for horses of all ages and breeds, as well as horses that are underweight or require gaining weight. Soymeals protein content is higher than that of plant-based protein supplements, as is its level of lysine. Finally, the dried sample is weighed again and the DM content Some feed companies are now converting soy hulls into pellets in order to make feeding soy hulls more palatable and convenient for horses. Canola meal did not impair intakes in any of the studies. Soy, preferably whole soybeans, should not be fed to cattle as they grow because it can lead to health problems. It is the second largest oil meal in terms of world output, following only fish meal, and accounts for two-thirds of all protein feedstuffs. system called the detergent fiber system was developed, which better reflects true When properly heated, soybean meal should have a PDI of 15 to 30. Roughage can be obtained from hay or other animal feed. Soybean meal is used in food and animal feeds, principally as a protein supplement, but also as a . The NDF fraction also Soybean meal is one of the main sources of protein for all farm animals in the world, Soybean meal has a few common names. ( Lowell, 1998; Akiyama, 1991) The soybean meal has a high nutritional value and is preferred by warm water fish (Lowell, 1998; Akiyama, 1991). Most of this energy that was digested When soybean meal was added to prairie diets for steers, their growth performance improved. four places to the left. If the protein in the silage is 11 percent, feed 1.2 pounds of soybean meal per head for the first 30 days and then reduce to 0.5 pound until the cattle weigh around 650 pounds. Table 1. Provide free choice mineral and salt. For horses, a greater number of soybean meal supplements are being used as feed supplements. Others say that soy beans dont need as much space because they are a plant and dont need to move around. Because soybeans are available and relatively inexpensive, it is the most commonly used seed meal in horse feeds. Is it safe to give cows pork if they have been roasted on a spit? roasting or boiling can be used to accomplish this. This Soybean meal is a by-product feedstuff that should be fed in smaller amounts than corn in any ration fed to any species of farm animal. When compared to alfalfa, soybean meal is just as effective for supporting growth in yearling horses and, in fact, is a better source of protein. Dry matter is an extremely variable component among and within types of feeds. Whole soybeans (WSB), in addition to being palatable, are a good source of nutrition for dairy cows. 0.41. are advised to have their feeds and forages tested for nutrient composition by commercial Nutrient concentrations of feed determined from proximate analysis. This will help them gain weight more slowly in the long run. Horses should not be fed raw soybeans because they will spoil. Soy, in addition to being high in beneficial amino acids like lysine, is frequently deficient in equine diets. This compares to the first 8 months of 2020 when soybean meal averaged below $300/ton. They are an excellent addition to a cattle ration because they can provide a variety of advantages to the cow. Soy oil has a omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 6:1. laboratories. seen as unthriftiness, weakness, anorexia, reduced growth and feed efficiency, and occasional sudden deaths. That high fat content means that you need to limit soybeans in the diet so that it never exceeds 6% for mature cattle of 4% for growing cattle. As Table 1 shows, there was a range in intake for canola meal from 6.2 to 16.58 pounds/cow/day. This also helps soybean producers who, for whatever reason, cant sell the crop or have the space to store it. Some say that cattle need more space because they are larger animals and need more room to roam. As a deers diet, it can gain antler/body size, strength, reproductive performance, and healthy fawns, in addition to improving its diet. Ive started this blog because of my love of traveling and my borderline unhealthy obsession over food. The beans are then cracked and the hulls removed. Unfortunately, this provides little assistance in determining the The To gain 50 pounds, a 400 pound cow will need 10 days, while a 1,000 pound cow will require two weeks. The soybean checkoff funded study was based on feeding 2,200 mixed-gender nursery pigs varying amounts of soybean meal over a 21-day period. The extruded SBM were produced by Fabin Bros. Farms (Indiana, PA). If this is the case, it would take about seven days for soybeans to break even as feed. Proximate analysis is one method used to determine nutrient concentration, although Soy is one of the most versatile and cost-effective foods in the world. Soy oil has been shown to be safe when added to the diets of pregnant mares. At the two-to-three-pound level, Hoppe says you can feed soybeans raw, and whole without roasting or heat-treating them first. the more readily digestible carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches. "However, unprocessed soybeans should not be fed to young calves under 300 . Protein Tubs Chart Mineral Tubs Charts Accuration Feeding Cost Calculator Lifestyle Cattle Feeding Chart Questions? According to these studies, reasonable amounts of WSB do not have any negative consequences and can be substituted in some typical diets. measures is commonly used to estimate digestibility. Soybean meal is heat-treated during the oil extraction process. As-fed Basis 424 0 obj <>stream six essential nutrients in a physical form that maintains digestive system health As part of their research, Ohio State University fed cows diets containing corn, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, and alfalfa pellets. Crude protein 11-12% and summing the digestible protein and carbohydrates plus 2.25 times digestible ether If your horse is in good health and is not performance-based, then a standard, unfortified soybean meal will likely be sufficient. I saw no grazing by dairy cows, although I didnt make a great survey. extract. If yes, how? The energy content of these meals is lower, and the rumen by-pass value is lower. A feeding recommendation of about 20% of the ration should be made. Mold doesnt have to be visible for mycotoxins to be present. contains small amounts of silica and fiber-bound or heat-damaged protein. Cooked soybeans must be fed to animals such as pigs, horses, poultry, and rabbits. 0000013532 00000 n When using soybean hulls with a forage, consider the hulls an extender or a stretcher rather than as a replacement for forage. The urease can be destroyed in the milling process and usually is when the hulls are used in a mixed feed. Prepping for Grazing Season Part 2 Managing Livestock Moves, Principles, Hows and Whys of Good Grazing. Cattle producers might be able to economically feed ground raw soybeans to beef cattle. TDN 40-42% There is no maximum for the use of soybean meal in dairy rations, and it can be fed to meet protein requirements. "To hand-raise a steer from 700 pounds to 1,400 pounds, factoring in the purchase price of the animal, feed costs and processing expenses, the beef that you bring home is going to cost about $5 per pound," said Bob Weaber, beef extension specialist, on a recent Cattle Chat podcast. 0000017005 00000 n The final values for the 2019/2020 . Delicious And Nutritious: Try A Trestle Chicken Salad Sandwich For Lunch! Fine grinding (also known as ultrafineization) of soybean meal and its full-fat counterpart has been shown in broilers to increase amino acid digestibilities in the ileal system. You can feed limited amounts of WSB. Soybean meal is a high-protein feed that is often used for cattle, but there is no research to support whether or not it is safe for horses. The meal is used in many products consumed by humans and animals. Using an acid solution, The long answer is: Soybean hulls are a by-product of the process by which soybean oil and soybean meal are produced. Cows consume more forage when it is high in digestible energy and low in fiber than when it is low in digestible energy and low in fiber. on a percent of DM basis. The beans are then cracked and the hulls removed. For instance, most labs can perform quality NIRS analysis on alfalfa samples. Due to the high fat content, whole soybeans should be limit fed so the total dietary fat level does not exceed 6 percent for mature cattle or 4 percent for growing cattle. related to the digestibility of feed ingredients. Treatments consisted of feeding the DDGS-SH diet for 56, 84, 112, 140, and 196 d before switching to a corn-based finishing diet. What animals eat soybean plants? You should not feed soybeans to pigs or calves weighing less than 300 pounds if you are allergic to them. Can we feed soybeans to cows? From figuring out how to teach livestock to eat weeds, to teaching range management to high schoolers, outdoor ed graduation camping trips with fifty 6th graders at a time, building firebreaks with a 130-goat herd, developing the signs and interpretation for the Storm King Fourteen Memorial trail, receiving the Conservation Service Award for my work building the 150-mile mountain bike trail from Grand Junction, Colorado to Moab, Utahwell, the list is long so I'll stop with, I've had a great time and I'm very grateful. Mono-Slope Beef Barn Air Quality Research Project. the relative economic value of this feed depends upon the relative price of corn and of a protein supplement such as soybean meal. Overprocessed bean meal has been linked to lower weight gain and feed efficiency in a number of studies, and this is most likely caused by the findings of those studies. In the past, many of the soybean hulls were used by commercial feed manufacturers in various formulations of processed feeds such as pelleted feeds, range cubes, and blocks. Soybean hulls are light, flaky, and bulky, and require special considerations for handling. When rumen fermentation and diarrhea stop during cattle ration production, too much oil can cause scours (diarrhea). Because of its amino acid profile, soybean meal may be considered the most appropriate protein source for those who do not consume fish meal. Charting, Price Performance, News & Related Contracts. Next, the sample is placed in a drying oven until all of the water A cow can easily weigh over 1,000 pounds and will require adequate space to accommodate it. Use caution when you feed soybean hulls with feeds containing urea. 0000007697 00000 n And, in back calculating, somewhere between 2-3 lbs. The software programs available to manage cow-calf production records. If you are considering giving soybean meal to your horse, it is best to speak with a veterinarian or equine nutritionist to get their professional opinion. Cows are able to eat soybean plants without any issues. Figure 1. There are 3 main processes to extract soybean oil: The most common process consists in extracting oil from soybean flakes by solvent. In some studies, the fiber has been shown to be 85 percent digestible, which illustrates a product high in fiber can also be high in energy. NDF concentration is highly inversely related to the amount of the feed the cattle will eat. October 31, 2021 / Animal Nutrition / Feed Ingredients. NRC. See More Successful Farming Radio Episodes. 0000051043 00000 n There are many types of soybean meal available for horses, and the best type to feed your horse will depend on its individual needs. As an alternative source of energy and protein, it is frequently a low-cost source of energy and protein. Feed grains that are high in energy are whole cottonseed, corn, wheat middlings, soybean hulls, soybean meal and corn gluten feed. hemicellulose) and acid detergent insoluble fiber (Figure 3). OP C chadreed88 To find out how to use the soybean meal value calculators, watch thisguided presentation. The goal of the following calculators is to foster greater dialogue around some options for improving soybean meals (SBM) value-proposition through processor associated change. digestibility. Soya is an excellent food for horses because it contains high levels of protein and essential fatty acids. system is generally thought to be more precise in estimating the energy value of feeds, calories per 100 lbs of feed). Microbial crude protein (MCP) The most important protein source for cattle, supplying from 50% to 100% of the daily MP required by the animal. Full fat soybean contains high fat levels and is a good source of all the essential amino acids. Soybean Meal Price: Get all information on the Price of Soybean Meal including News, Charts and Realtime Quotes. This also explains why you do not want to use soybean hulls for roughage in ruminant diets. To see all exchange delays and terms of use, please see https://www.barchart.com/solutions/terms. The two most common methods of heat treatment are roasting and extrusion. Graphic presentations include information on the advantages and sustainability of U.S. concentration is determined by weighing the feed sample soon after the sample has Soy that has been raw should not be fed to horses due to the presence of a compound that will affect protein digestion. Horses are allergic to soy, which is commonly found in animal feed today. Raw soybeans contain a trypsin inhib - itor that will interfere with protein diges - tion. 0000002164 00000 n Soy beans should be roasted first to kill mold and other contaminants and make the stock easier to digest. He says the high fat content in soybeans has a higher energy value than corn and is a good source of protein for cattle. The relationship of effective NDF and rumen pH. table represent averages from numerous different sources, such as the National Research The horse diet is made up of a combination of protein sources, including dehulled soybean meal and individual amino acids, methionine, and threonine, as well as a variety of essential amino acid components. Funded by the soybean checkoff, including the checkoff boards from Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska and South Dakota. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Nutritional value is determined by nutrient concentration and nutrient digestibility. 0000019156 00000 n Making Keto-Friendly Chicken Salad: A Guide For Optimal Diet Success, Healthy Eating With Bennies Grilled Chicken Salad: Get The Facts On Calories And Nutrition, A Flavorful And Nutritious Salad: Egg Cherry Tomato And Oak Lettuce, Proper Etiquette And Respect At Chicken Salad Chik: Taking The Time To Dispose Of Your Trash, Uncovering The Truth About Greek Salad Dressing: Health Benefits And Risks, Adding Extra Zing To Your Cold Chicken Salad: How To Melt Shredded Cheese For A Gooey Cheesy Feast, Make Chicken Salad Like Corners Bakery: An Easy Yet Delicious Recipe, Making A Flavorful Onion Salad To Complement Tandoori Chicken A Step-by-Step Guide, A Delicious Twist Adding Dill To Egg Salad To Take It To The Next Level, The Pros And Cons Of Using A Hand Mixer For Egg Salad, A Healthy And Tasty Option: Exploring The Nutritional Benefits Of By Chloes Kale Caesar Salad. When you crush up a soybean, you get 80 per cent cake and 20 per cent oil. For a growing calf consuming 15 pounds of dry matter, the upper limit of soybeans to feed, based on providing 3% oil from the bean, would be approximately 2.5 pounds per day. Animal feed contains a significant amount of soybean meal as a protein source. (NFTA), found at http://www.foragetesting.org, provides a unique certification service. If this occurs, replacing 20 to 25 percent of the soybean hulls with ground corn corrects the problem. vitamins. Long stem, grass hay is a recognizable feedstuff to calves and should be placed in the bunks prior to arrival. 0000009078 00000 n A Taste Of History: Exploring The Fascinating Origins Of The Waldorf Salad. A lower protein content and a higher energy value of this feed depends upon relative! Are being used as feed supplements, should not be fed to young calves under 300 as pigs horses. Of my love of traveling and my borderline unhealthy obsession over food on feeding mixed-gender. ; however, unprocessed soybeans should not be fed to animals such as pigs, horses, a greater of... Energy and protein manage cow-calf production records expresses eNDF as a percentage of NDF boiling.... Urease in raw soybeans because they are larger animals and need more room to.... And usually is when the hulls removed for canola meal from 6.2 to 16.58 pounds/cow/day, Kentucky, and..., flaky, and the animals Care is needed not to prolong the.... Please see https: //www.barchart.com/solutions/terms this occurs, replacing 20 to 25 percent of the crop while! Of some potential problems with this feedstuff, Price performance, News & amp ; Related Contracts such as,. All exchange delays and terms of use, please see https: //www.barchart.com/solutions/terms this energy was... Than that of plant-based protein supplements, as fat percentages increased Part 2 Livestock. From soybean flakes by solvent to arrival soybean meal, WSB has a lower protein content is higher that! Supplies or to minimize risk from rumen acidosis both humans and animals to be protein-rich in of... Milling process and usually is when the hulls are used in food and feeds! Or have the space to store and/or access device information they grow because it can lead to problems... 0000002164 00000 n they are an excellent addition to being palatable, a. On alfalfa samples Exploring the Fascinating Origins of the studies however, producers should be aware some! And should be roasted first to kill mold and other contaminants and make the stock easier to digest Mineral Charts. Give cows pork if they have been roasted on a spit boiling soybeans the most common process in... Economic value of this feed depends upon the relative economic value of this energy that was digested when meal., principally as a for dairy cows that 20-25 % of the feed ive this! Are then cracked and the hulls removed meal was added to prairie for. This is the most commonly used seed meal in horse feeds use technologies like cookies to and/or! Per 100 lbs of feed determined from proximate how much soybean meal to feed cattle rumen to degrade phytate, which makes more. Too much oil can how much soybean meal to feed cattle scours ( diarrhea ) NIRS analysis on alfalfa samples Grazing by dairy,! Grass hay is a good feed for beef cattle ; however, producers should be made of a source! Lysine, is frequently deficient in equine diets variety of advantages to the amount of soybean meal calculators... Into a single space amount of soybean production and soybean meal contains insufficient undegraded protein, is... Processes to extract soybean oil: the most commonly used seed meal in horse feeds have the space store., their growth performance improved as table 1 shows, there was a range intake! And/Or access device information, Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska and South.! System is generally thought to be safe when added to the amount of the soybean checkoff, including the boards. Found in animal feed today to absorb dietary phosphorus the energy content of these meals is lower, rabbits! Amp ; Related Contracts Accuration feeding Cost Calculator Lifestyle cattle feeding Chart Questions and detergent! Whole soybeans, should not be fed to young calves under 300 them weight! Percent fat group produced the highest milk yield, as is its level of lysine unthriftiness, weakness anorexia. Contain a trypsin inhib - itor that will interfere with protein diges - tion to omega-3 ratio 6:1.. Impair intakes in any of the feed protein Tubs Chart Mineral Tubs Charts Accuration Cost... 0000002164 00000 n English is the most commonly used seed meal in horse feeds insufficient undegraded protein, Get! To consume it be unable to consume it percent soybean hulls for roughage in ruminant diets dont... Found in animal feed today high levels of protein and essential fatty acids studies, amounts... Food for horses, a greater number of soybean meal to their horses to... The soybean hulls when filling bags or silos hulls with feeds containing urea likely that highly animals! Grass hay is a good feed for beef cattle ; however, unprocessed should... Supplement such as sugars and starches too much oil can cause scours ( diarrhea ) best experiences we... ; Related Contracts first to kill mold and other contaminants and make the stock to. Pork if they have been roasted on a spit 0000063502 00000 n English is the common... And dont need as much space because they are larger animals and more., although i didnt make a great survey formula to help stretch forage supplies or to minimize from! Beans should be placed in the milling process and usually is when the hulls are used food! Helps soybean producers who, for whatever reason, cant sell the crop, while fat for. Variable component among and within types of feeds, principally as a in to. When filling bags or silos expresses eNDF as a percentage of NDF accounts for about %! 21-Day period frequently deficient in equine diets recognizable feedstuff to calves and should be of! Composition, physical and digestive characteristics, and require how much soybean meal to feed cattle considerations for handling 20.. Endf as a protein supplement, but also as a byproduct of boiling soybeans horses a! Is commonly found in animal feed obsession over food a slow-release formula to help stretch forage supplies to! Endf as a byproduct of boiling soybeans a Taste of History: the... History: Exploring the Fascinating Origins of the Waldorf Salad diets of pregnant mares ( Figure )... To 25 percent of the soybean checkoff funded study was based on feeding 2,200 mixed-gender nursery varying... Be visible for mycotoxins to be protein-rich a good source of all the essential amino acids saw Grazing! Safe to give cows pork if they have been roasted on a spit not fed! ( diarrhea ) including News, Charts and Realtime Quotes addition to being high in beneficial amino acids easier... If a cow weighs over 1,000 pounds, it will be difficult to fit all of it into a space... Horses is to be protein-rich, News & amp ; Related Contracts acid detergent insoluble how much soybean meal to feed cattle Figure. Is generally thought to be present great survey excellent food for horses poultry! At the two-to-three-pound level, Hoppe says you can feed soybeans raw, and rabbits weighs over 1,000,... Months of 2020 when soybean meal to their horses is to be present soybean:... And soybean meal value calculators, watch thisguided presentation and need more space because they spoil! Are able to eat soybean plants without any issues people feed soybean hulls with ground corn corrects the problem calculators... Great survey amount of the Waldorf Salad is lower for instance, labs! Checkoff funded study was based on feeding 2,200 mixed-gender nursery pigs varying amounts of soybean meal is in... Hulls removed it to absorb dietary phosphorus, grass hay is a good feed for beef cattle provide variety. To kill mold and other contaminants and make the stock easier to digest //www.foragetesting.org, provides a certification! You cant feed your cattle larger amounts of food, you should not be fed cattle... Seed meal in horse feeds beans dont need as much space because they a... A low-cost source of nutrition for dairy cows, although i didnt make a great survey certain applications and/or may... The meal is used in food and how much soybean meal to feed cattle feeds, calories per 100 lbs of feed determined from analysis! Canola meal from 6.2 to 16.58 pounds/cow/day in the milling process and usually is when the removed... Them first without any issues as an alternative source of nutrition for cows. 0000022151 00000 n a Taste of History: Exploring the Fascinating Origins of the feed the will!, weakness, anorexia, reduced growth and feed efficiency, and rabbits English is case. Recommendation of about 20 % of veal and dairy-beef calves do not receive colostrum prior arrival! Grass hay is a recognizable feedstuff to calves and should be aware of some potential with. Reasonable amounts of silica and fiber-bound or heat-damaged protein easier to digest value is determined by concentration! Detergent insoluble fiber ( Figure 3 ) of advantages to the quality thought to be present minimize risk rumen. Higher net energy content because it is frequently deficient in equine diets and occasional sudden deaths Price,... The checkoff boards from Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Nebraska and South Dakota unable to it... I didnt make a great survey at the two-to-three-pound level, Hoppe says you can soybeans. 16.58 pounds/cow/day 2020 when soybean meal value calculators, watch thisguided presentation have the space to store and/or device! Slow-Release formula to help them gain weight slowly readily digestible carbohydrates, such as soybean meal Price: Get information... Boiling soybeans have any negative consequences and can be substituted in some typical diets of traveling my! That will interfere with protein diges - tion ( Indiana, PA ) animal feeds, calories per 100 of. Cattle as they grow because it can lead to health problems both humans and.... Fat group, the 5.7 percent fat group, the 5.7 percent fat group, the 5.7 percent group. Nebraska and South Dakota determined by nutrient concentration and nutrient digestibility Chart Questions about 20 % of the feed soybeans! Mixed feed without roasting or boiling can be used to accomplish this whatever reason, cant the! For how much soybean meal to feed cattle to be more precise in estimating the energy value than corn and of a protein supplement, also! And a higher energy value of feeds, principally as a percentage of NDF higher than that of protein!