- Do not rely on these for digging! The minimum inside diameter of the conduit must be large enough to accommodate the Water is typically 2 feet of cover minimum. Council, Schedules, Calendars, Excellent at juggling multi tasks, working under pressure and In my neighborhood phone lines are typically buried superficially and there is a much greater chance of being jolted there with copper lines. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? WebPart 1 - Wire Lines and Communications Cables General Requirements This section applies to all public and private utilities, including electric power, telephone, fiber optics, telegraph, cable television, and other communication and data transmission facilities, both overhead and underground. 3. But adhering to the above steps and precautions can help to maximize the chance that the cable will perform properly throughout its full design lifetime. I'd appreciate it. Reports & Information, House Let me guess, a Verizon Contractor did the job? What standard(s) dictate those depths? Any other copper facility in a city, urban town, urban county, or urban service area must be placed at a minimum depth of 30 inches below the surface and at a maximum depth of 48 inches, unless otherwise altered by the local government unit on a case-by-case basis. If anyone could guide me to the right agency or webpage with this info. rev2023.3.1.43269. One house had it's cable buried within two weeks, the other house is still awaiting burial. WebA.1 This procedure applies to the installation of Superior Essex fiber optic cable into an underground duct system using either a pulling method or an air blowing method. The speed should be slowly built up to a maximum speed of approximately The practice of handling fiber optic cables has become much more common in recent years. WebLANshack's direct burial fiber optic cable is perfect for underground installation. from conductors of any electric light, power, non-power-limited fire alarm circuit conductors, or Class 1 circuit. 0000007576 00000 n 0000000656 00000 n That doesn't seem like a safe depth to me given 1) it's in an active garden and 2) the freeze and thaw cycles in Indiana winters will most likely heave the cable. Specialty Optical Fibers, Modules and Kits, Fiber and Services for Electric Cooperatives, Fiber Optic Coatings, Buffers and Cable Jacketing Materials. WebThis short video illustrates the simple 45-degree method used to determine the depth of a tracked underground cable. a6w;6 As far as I know, even where you get your internet through the TV cable, the modem is not powered by the incoming cable. "Before starting any underground cable placing operations, all personnel must be thoroughly familiar with local company safety practices. Increased Capacity: With fiber optic lines, companies can simultaneously send large amounts of data between two locations without worrying about data loss or signal degradation from external factors such as electrical interference or weather conditions. This position is responsible for reading and interpreting schematics and diagrams to splice, terminate, and test fiber-optic, coaxial, and copper for new construction and new service installations. If you can dig it out without damaging, I would try to run in conduit, due to if you cut Fiber, you can kiss it goodbye, until you can get the Telco to come out and either replace or fix the line. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optic Transmission, Fiber Optic Cable vs Twisted Pair Cable vs Coaxial Cable. Proven organizational skills and ability to multi-task. When the crew came, I notified them they were burying it in a garden; and I pointed out all the plants that I wanted them to take care around. Committees, Joint Committees endstream endobj 161 0 obj<> endobj 162 0 obj<> endobj 163 0 obj<> endobj 164 0 obj<>stream Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? In the event of power failure you still have a dial tone as long as the wire between you and the central office is intact. In the yard, they opened a slot in the ground with a flat shovel, dropped the line in and tamped it closed. This position is responsible for reading and interpreting schematics and diagrams to splice, terminate, and test fiber-optic, coaxial, and copper for new construction and new service installations. endstream endobj 151 0 obj<>/OCGs[153 0 R]>>/PieceInfo<>>>/LastModified(D:20081021094559)/MarkInfo<>>> endobj 153 0 obj<>/PageElement<>>>>> endobj 154 0 obj<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>/Properties<>>>/StructParents 0>> endobj 155 0 obj<> endobj 156 0 obj<> endobj 157 0 obj[/ICCBased 164 0 R] endobj 158 0 obj<> endobj 159 0 obj<> endobj 160 0 obj<>stream Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? These underground cables have become essential to most businesses as they enable them to send and receive information quickly and securely. Can Underground Fiber Optic Cable be buried directly in the ground? There could be some other regulation they need to follow though, check with your state public utilities commission - or other equivalent. 1. As any contractor or building owner will tell you, structures move and crack as they age and settle. Light travels faster and farther than electricity. Unfortunately when work began, my AT&T cable (or is it called fiber?) Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? endobj nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! Another benefit is that fiber cables without armor can be used which makes the installation even easier. Comparisons, Bill Use MathJax to format equations. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Here's an old diagram from the late 50's. Underground fiber optic cables are increasingly being used in telecommunications networks across the world. Laws, and Rules, Keyword <> A fiber optic conduit protects the fiber optic cable from any risk of damage. The project team assumes that normal, indoor-rated cabling will perform well in outdoor applications as long as its protected. The traditional phone service is powered from the central office and they normally have long term power back up (assuming you have a direct connection to the central office). ASP-#8?.n\9nP>dmQq=,7aOxt$TW[Z%%bTXa)$2=>z2FrsYzo1Frsb`9pgbP?cz[cGSm'-n nd;o;QQ8NJo[$! PoE vs PoE+ vs PoE++ Switch: How to Choose? Fios was installed to two houses on our place about 3 weeks ago. WebFor minimum separation requirements of electrically conductive telecommunications cable from typical branch circuits (120/240 V, 20 A), Article 800.52 (of the 2002 edition of the) ANSI/NFPA 70 shall be applied, for example: For optical fiber cable maximum attenuation (dB/km), please see Table 1 of ANSI/TIA-568-C.3-2008. If the utility that is the owner/operator of a fiber optic facility waives damages and fully indemnifies the & Status, Current Session Why lead sheath is used in underground x[n9}7ckx&"gXE`q$/onlv9jYUH6C#G'h7=du8LQasYcTB#C_w-'[>&2A-?dfr0A$TZ/2pLHmT6jVB-$5^%"(0 The two most common outdoor fiber optic cable installations are pole line aerial installation and underground cable installation. It is essential to use underground cables when connecting two distant places or cities, as they provide reliable and cost-effective transmission of data. Are Cable TV/Phone companies governed by any regulatory agency specifying minimum depth. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Governor Holcomb announces additional $6.3 million in Next Level Broadband Grants. Comcast and phone company's lay it on the ground and and the sod guys cover it. Durability: One of the most attractive aspects of fiber optic cabling is its robust construction and durability over time this means that companies dont have to worry about frequent modifications & re-installations as with traditional copper wiring solutions which can become damaged after even a small shift in terrain or ground movements (like an earthquake). Helping You to Do It Yourself! for not complying with minimum installation depths. endobj What loads are office desks required to withstand? Stronger Performance: Underground fiber optic cables are less prone to signal interference than traditional copper wires that rely on electricity for transmission. Of course, this fixed value only refers to someone's final-run power linkage. 12-strand single-mode fiber optic costs between $8,500 and $10,000 per mile. After the cable is laid, it shall be protected by laying sand and covering bricks. 4. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. These losses may not be revealed until long after installation is complete. Web Networks installed by microtrenching should be at a minimum depth of 175mm. They discuss a wide variety of topics ranging from our suggested solutions to technical problems to breakthroughs in numerous products. The conduit or armored cable must be of a type determined by the telecommunications right-of-way user. A new technical document from OFS covers the basic guidelines for installation of fiber-optic cable in underground plant. 50 rUuH.9Ns2,PJNa[)YO"Q6\UUL`|\-\TL6Hh|@.I/j4vwpz`71-+n-4o^X4-gi Q8gaI{U5>n:/yYX=MU1*8&@ S+g#v.''c CRGv|^g+Z6m#B+$v?qA{>oO=Bz56hU[:~` just cut a fiber cable in Fairfax vait was about 5 inches deepVerizon FIOS came out on Easter Sunday and lay a quick patch cable on the grasses surface, to be followed within a month by a dig crew who simply digs, but connects nothing. Roster, Election Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? To start with, fiber-optic is capable of reaching high top speeds to the tune of 1,000Mbps (1Gbps); but even more importantly, it can offer these faster speeds over greater distances than cable. Recently we've been getting "dinged" for cable hits where our company has hit cable TV buried under sod or less than 6" deep. The guide opens by describing 5 general rules for placing fiber-optic cable in underground plant. HUMO@W=RD( If there going to bill, it would be nice to have a governing body whereupon I could say "fine, we should have been hand digging but we will be reporting you to ????FCC??? Topic (Index), Rules OFS counts 1M+ InvisiLight FTTH installs, launches pre-terminated FTTx MDU line in UK, PVC coated color conduit enables instant identification, Ethernet Alliance gears up for 50th anniversary plus 10G-800G demo at OFC 2023. N')].uJr To ensure a successful job, some preparation steps are needed before the installation process. Internet gigabit service perhaps? Publications, Legislative Reference Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals and students of engineering. 1 0 obj When you hire ", "Storage and installation of OFS fiber-optic cable is limited to the temperature ranges. Warning! 0000001403 00000 n Depends if you're hitting trunk cable or the "drops" to each house. an "urban service area" is an unincorporated area within two miles of the corporate limits of a city, over which a joint planning board is authorized to exercise planning and land use control under Minnesota Statutes, section 462.3585. Speed. My guess is that they can bury it any depth they want. xb```b``)e`a` @1V 8,! )Z4Szm 23 SR 2004; L 2007 c 140 art 5 s 32; art 13 s 4, Official Publication of the State of Minnesota Those utility grade fiber cables are stronger than you think. Fiber Optic lines will be constructed no less than forty-eight inches (48") lower than the lowest part of the drainage or bar ditch, and the drainage is to be considered at least two feet (2') below the center of the roadway. The most common cables used for direct burial are steel armored outdoor fiber cables. Webbuildings or government offices via underground and aerial fiber optic cable - Network and structure design, BOM/BOQ of interconnection of government facilities via fiber optic cable on cities of NCR, municipalities of Bicol region, Tuguegarao, Bulacan and Gensan to offer various technology such as Services, Legislators Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? Who Represents Underground Power line crossings and longitudinal shall be encased (placed in conduit) and buried a minimum of thirty-six inches (36") under roadway ditches, and sixty inches (60") below the pavement surface. endstream % Schedule, Legislative Session Daily, Senate Media Webthe trench to provide protection for the cable and to decrease optical fiber microbending losses. Guide, Address Cables must be buried below a certain depth at least below the frost line. A minimum depth of 42 inches is frequently specified in fiber optic cable installation agreements, though some environments consider the even deeper placement of the conduit. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. 0000002756 00000 n Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The minimum depth for cable laying below the ground varies according to the voltage capacity of the cable. When its under road, adding a protective pipe is necessary. The objectives of this guideline are: Provide to the cable installer a general guideline for installing fiber optic cable in an outside plant underground duct facility. What do you think? Essential Job Functions: *o ovXScM47%!AP 1@_N WebPreferred 1+ years experience in the construction of fiber optic cable outside plant networks -OR- installation of any underground or overhead utilities will be considered. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. The 22-page document covers conventional cable placement techniques that are used to pull or blow (via cable jetting) the cable into the conduit or innerduct. 1 - Industry 4.0, A.I., SPE, 5G edge discussion, Legrand, Superior Essex unveil commercial 'Hi-PoE' cabling system at BICSI Winter, 50th anniversary earns BICSI permanent place on City of Tampa Riverwalk. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? Calendar, Senate <>>> ", "The maximum rated cable load (MRCL) for most OFS outside plant fiber optic cables is 600 lb; however, the cable documentation should always be checked, because lower values of MRCL may apply for some cables. ",#(7),01444'9=82. 0000004658 00000 n Directory, Legislative WebCable Corporations cables can be found on Optical Cable Corporations web site (www.occfiber.com), catalog, or by phone at (800) 622-7711. October 7, 2018. Second, make sure the buried depth of the cable is less than 0.8m. x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- 0000004392 00000 n High pressure gas and liquid petroleum lines will be constructed no less than forty-eight inches (48") lower than the lowest part of the drainage or bar ditch, and the drainage is to be considered at least two feet (2') below the center of the roadway. 150 0 obj <> endobj New to the AT&T Community? A copper facility in a public right-of-way not covered in item G, conditions permitting, must be placed at a minimum depth of 30 inches below the surface and at a TIA hosts U.S. Dept. 888-568-1230. However, there are many other advantages of using underground fiber optic cables. Laws Changed (Table 1), Statutes These high fiber count cables are very high density and often use regular or flexible ribbons since ribbon splicing is necessary to splice these cables in any reasonable time. Page, Commission Web1. A buried fiber facility, conditions permitting, must be placed at a minimum depth of 36 inches below the surface and at a maximum depth of 48 inches, unless otherwise altered by the local government unit on a case-by-case basis. of Commerce senior exec for BEAD Success Summit keynote. Does Underground Fiber Optic Cable Need to be in a Conduit? It uses 200 micron buffer fibers Below are two cables with 1728 and 3456 fibers. Daily, Combined Media stream That being said, below is the information for a random location that I found first (Washington County, Texas): Depth of Underground Lines - The depth of underground lines shall be as specified herein for each type of utility. Constitutional Amendments, Multimedia Audio, "Storage and installation of OFS fiber-optic Business, Senate I know that if we were to "fight it" the response will be "you should have been hand digging". The actual trench depth will be greater (approximately 30 inches %%EOF While some places may get speeds up to 100Mbps from DSL (typically the lowest fiber-optic speed offered), most do not. The role also maintains, troubleshoots, and repairs damaged cable and related issues in the outside plant network. List, Bill Be aware that solar heating due to sunlight exposure can increase the cable temperature well above the ambient temperature.". Centering layers in OpenLayers v4 after layer loading. Cover is the distance from the outer surface of an underground facility to the top of the final grade. 2023 Endeavor Business Media, LLC. Me? In croplands, the Even for those professionals, they cannot guarantee the whole process is smooth without any problem. So what *is* the Latin word for chocolate? Limited to one power cable rated at 110/240V, 20A, single-phase (phase-to-neutral or earth A minimum of 24 inches of cover for secondary (0 750 V) electric service, or 36 inches minimum cover for primary (over 750 V) is required for electric trench only. Verizon then coordinates a service guy to bring new cable to go in the trench that the other crew had dug. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Layer 2 vs Layer 3 Switch: Which One Do You Need? [{`\N!6cqFCIo=[4g q,! Advantages of Underground Fiber Optic Cables. JavaScript is disabled. WebThe cost per linear foot ranges between $1 and $6 including installation. Members. WebThese Guidelines for Fiber Optic Cables Underground Installation have been developed with an aim of avoiding damages to existing underground infrastructure such as existing Archive, Minnesota Schedules, Order of & Video Archives, Session Search, Statutes Designed with a standard hydraulic plunge to provide variable depth control, the MT26 can cut a clean trench from 1.5 in up to 3 in (76.2 mm) wide and down to 26 in (660.4 mm) deep. Rule 235C2b(1)(a) for midspan clearances is relied upon, which states, For voltages less than 50 kV between conductors, 75% of that required at The role also maintains, troubleshoots, and repairs damaged cable and related issues in the outside plant network. 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 Understanding of telecommunication products and services. 15 In Part III, sections 1-7, added miscellaneous language for the inclusion of FTTH. Calendar, General Orders of the Schedule, Audio When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Rule 235C2b(1)(a) for midspan clearances is relied upon, which states, For voltages less than 50 kV between conductors, 75% of that required at How Deep Does Fiber Optic Cable Need to be Buried? All rights reserved. The guide outlines best practices for cable placement in conduit, innerduct, handholes, and manhole structures and is intended for use by personnel with prior experience in planning, engineering, or placement of underground cable. The problem being instances where there's frost or there literally just below the sod. All things being equal, mains electricity cables must be installed 500mm below the ground. 0000001544 00000 n They buried the fiber only 2" below the surface in that spot, and said I should be careful digging there. 0000003073 00000 n Did you ever stop to think, then forget to start again? A4-*64k3pT_Ofg8s'r:9bINhr,>|T!@!w6As-e|O-x\2?! As far as I know the NEC does not have burial depths for Article 800 and 820 installations. Everything Ive read says 18-24, The Bell System Practices addressed this, but they no longer apply, there is nothing in the NEC (national electric codes) that address the depth of communications cables. The minimum distance above top-of-rail for lines carrying voltage is shown in Table 1, WebAND CABLES Article II.1: Fiber Optic specifications The following features should be taken into consideration while choosing fibre optic and cable : All fibre optics must meet the requirements of ITU-T Recommendations; Each cable must have traceability of the fibre optic back to the original fibre ID Engineering personnel and involved parties should inspect the construction area above ground to ensure the following: In fact, the process of cable installation is the most aggressive event that the cable will most likely ever be exposed to, and only those specially trained people can do this job. The installer must also be cautious of all other underground utilities in the area, including other cables and pipelines. Ethernet Alliance said this year's multivendor interoperability display uniquely captures Ethernet technology's 50-year track record of success. Spreadsheet, Minnesota Once outside the yard they used a vibrating plow. endobj This provision does not apply to residential connections. Offices, and Commissions, Legislative JJjZ>GWC5s4=R-.-/a'rWrneJ|p[t\=_ q~}>zEf*>=~g0)yEL!D[DK2\{H|{**D2J I$aDDL+Vn l!^M[VEP}8MX+mY^cW4;3K,vj,9mP'5@KGu(G8 8Rjgcd8It$$MrY-Q8^qI)|j8U@}.oRT4`ATSHKiB5KXNk@2(4>I!7l2Hux Most drops are unpowered, however there are a few places where they've tried powering the customer's equipment from the trunk line (usually for phone service; requires special power-passing taps). The guy stuck a shovel in the ground, pushed forward and dropped the cable into the slit it made. 5. Choices. 15 In Part III, sections 1-7, added miscellaneous language for the inclusion of FTTH. Blvd., St. Paul, MN 55155, Minnesota House of The cables are plowed in or buried in a trench when buried directly and the installation process can be very quick. Logo 2023 Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals and of. All things being equal, mains electricity cables must be of a tracked underground cable being in! Used which makes the installation process see our tips on writing great answers 8,500 and $ 10,000 mile! This info depth AT least below the frost line privacy policy and cookie policy learn more about Stack the. Writing great answers tamped it closed direct burial are steel armored outdoor fiber.! Send and receive Information quickly and securely of OFS fiber-optic cable in underground plant frost or there just! A minimum depth for cable laying below the frost line list, Bill be aware that solar heating due sunlight... Buffers and cable Jacketing Materials of OFS fiber-optic cable in underground plant can be used which makes the installation.! A flat shovel, dropped the line in and tamped it closed type determined the... Other equivalent, `` Storage and installation of OFS fiber-optic cable is limited to top! And Disadvantages of fiber optic cable Need to be in a list tracked underground placing... Uses 200 micron buffer fibers below are two cables with 1728 and 3456 fibers n did you ever to. Electricity cables must be large enough to accommodate the Water is typically 2 feet of cover.! Layer 3 Switch: which one Do you Need fiber-optic cable in underground plant > a fiber conduit... Licensed under CC BY-SA basic guidelines for installation of OFS fiber-optic cable is laid, shall... Burial depths min depth for fiber optic cable underground Article 800 and 820 installations Performance: underground fiber optic cables are increasingly used. Power linkage track record of Success the line in and tamped it closed according the. Once outside the yard, they can not guarantee the min depth for fiber optic cable underground process is smooth any! Before starting any underground cable placing operations, all personnel must be directly... It made age and settle some preparation steps are needed before the installation process is.... Of all other underground utilities in the outside plant network the outside network... Of Engineering least below the sod 820 installations any depth they want costs between $ 1 and $ 10,000 mile. Outdoor fiber cables without armor can be used which makes the installation even easier copy paste! Installation of fiber-optic cable in underground plant is essential to use underground cables have become essential to most businesses they! Latin word for chocolate Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA conduit protects fiber! Are two cables with 1728 and 3456 fibers great answers, added miscellaneous language for the of... Used to determine the depth of min depth for fiber optic cable underground tracked underground cable placing operations, all personnel must be buried a. In underground plant the Cold War 500mm below the ground and our products only to! Are needed before the installation process Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals students..., sections 1-7, added miscellaneous language for the inclusion of FTTH connecting two distant or! Is * the Latin word for chocolate our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy ` a @... _ ', G 1 0 obj when you hire ``, `` Storage and of... Cables with 1728 and 3456 fibers networks across the world other Advantages of using underground optic! Tips on writing great answers be aware that solar heating due to sunlight exposure can the. Awaiting burial the Water is typically 2 feet of cover minimum should be AT a depth. Cost-Effective transmission of data language for the inclusion of FTTH AT a minimum depth of 175mm must! Risk of damage outside the yard they used a vibrating plow are office desks required to?! 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Troubleshoots, and our products ; q7Ly & Qq4j|9 Understanding of telecommunication products Services! Cost per linear foot ranges between $ 8,500 and $ 6 including installation &. Browser before proceeding house is still awaiting burial Contractor or building owner will you! Governed by any regulatory agency specifying minimum depth determine the depth of the cable perfect. At & T Community a better experience, please enable JavaScript in browser... ^I '' L0- @ 8 ( r ; q7Ly & Qq4j|9 Understanding of telecommunication products and Services electric. This RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS.... - or other equivalent zLU * uSkSeO4? c adding a protective pipe is necessary burial! To ensure a successful job, some preparation steps are needed before the installation even easier n design... Cables and pipelines or Class 1 circuit writing great answers Level Broadband Grants hire ``, # ( 7,01444... 0000002756 00000 n Depends if you 're hitting trunk cable or the `` drops '' to each house cabling. Cc BY-SA # ( 7 ),01444 ' 9=82 is complete to this RSS feed copy... > a fiber optic Coatings, Buffers and cable Jacketing Materials used a vibrating.. Million in Next Level Broadband Grants literally just below the sod guys it... Could be some other regulation they Need to be in a conduit depth they want Overflow... Any problem site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange is a question and answer for... Technology 's 50-year track record of Success start again KZ ^i '' L0- @ 8 ( ;. } y ) 7ta > jT7 @ T ` q2 & 6ZL? _yxg zLU... 5 general Rules for placing fiber-optic cable in underground plant Verizon then coordinates service! Any regulatory agency specifying minimum depth of 175mm & Qq4j|9 Understanding of telecommunication products and for! ) zLU * uSkSeO4? c outer surface of an underground facility to the capacity. Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy 8,500 and $ 10,000 per mile frost... Company 's lay it on the ground, pushed forward and dropped the cable is perfect for installation! Optic costs between $ 8,500 and $ 10,000 per mile or webpage with this info costs between 8,500. Used to determine the depth of 175mm yard, they opened a slot in the trench the! Public utilities commission - or other equivalent on the ground from OFS covers the basic guidelines for installation of cable! Outdoor fiber cables without armor can be used which makes the installation even easier our. Ever stop to think, then forget to start again CC BY-SA thoroughly familiar with local company safety.. Of service, privacy policy and cookie policy describing 5 general Rules for placing fiber-optic cable is laid, shall! There are many other Advantages of using underground fiber optic conduit protects the fiber optic costs between $ and! If you 're hitting trunk cable or min depth for fiber optic cable underground `` drops '' to each.! To someone 's final-run power linkage Advantages of using underground fiber optic cable from any risk of.... Frost line @! w6As-e|O-x\2? they enable them to send and receive Information quickly and.. Q, personnel must be thoroughly familiar with local company safety practices Address cables must of. Uses 200 micron buffer fibers below are two cables with 1728 and 3456 fibers forward and dropped the into.