In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. Best Commanders Tier List - Updated with new Commanders. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. Francia. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. Q. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Henry stated in his will that any of his three childrenEdward, Mary, and Elizabethcould succeed him to the throne, even though his daughters had earlier been declared illegitimate when he divorced their mothers. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Henry declined to join the French effort. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. His compassion and leniency toward his subjects were uncharacteristic of the age, and he did much to improve the cultural life of his country during the Renaissance. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. Answers. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Elizabeth was highly educated. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. The French effort collapsed in 1528. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. He made similar alliances with Portugal. Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Meanwhile, Charles V had formed an alliance with Pope Clement VII (14781534; reigned 152334). In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. But in May 1527, Charles's soldiers made a massive assault on the city and caused extensive damage. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. A: Red It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. Under her command, the French won several important battles. At various times these alliances involved the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States (duchies in Italy controlled by the pope), and numerous Italian city-states, as well as mercenaries (hired soldiers) from other countries such as Switzerland. execution of Louis XVI. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. Rise of Germany . His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). 314 talking about this. For instance, he threw a servant out of the window when the young man crossed him. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. power of the great feudal lords. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. In Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. 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