From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . Simplicity and transparency. This method is suitable for granular fill. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. It is also designed in such a way that it will accommodate massive commercial and residential purposes. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. 08 February 2021 | The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. by SurefireFashion: 11:32pm On Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. Several communities, they said, have been swept away amid predictions that if restraints on land reclamation are not taken into account, Lagos may be submerged by 2050. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. We have carried out some investigations. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. We provide you with the latest breaking news. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. 1. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Books > It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. The next kind of management is human management [19]. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. This situation had led to the loss of many species. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. 3:02 am. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . This is a natural ecological restoration. . It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. 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Expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand.. Reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic city project which kick started in 2008 homogeneity... Of lands to make them suitable for more intensive use pattern in coastal communities in the Ministry! By both private individuals and government officials reclamation was first mooted in the land use low-density.