However, crisis ensued almost immediately in his absence, and in 1387 King Richard's misrule brought England to the brink of civil war. In September 1620, the Mayflower started its journey with 35 crew members and 102 passengers, including John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley. This story always drove him to fury. Trending; Presidents; TV/Film/Stage; . Unable to attack any strongly fortified forts and cities, the raiders plundered the countryside, raiding towns and villages, weakening the French infrastructure, but the military value of the damage was only temporary. The Peasants Revolt in 1381 was a much larger, widespread event that emerged out of the Black Death following a series of restrictive labour laws, capped by three punishing taxes on the people. [34] The tomb no longer exists, for Gaunt was buried at Old Saint Pauls Cathedral, which was destroyed in the 1666 Great Fire of London. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (June 24, 1340 - February 3, 1399) was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault.He gained his name "John of Gaunt" because he was born at Ghent in 1340. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (13991413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England. Jump up ^ "John O'Gaunt Inn, Hungerford". Furthermore, while King Edward and the Prince of Wales were popular heroes due to their successes on the battlefield, John of Gaunt had not won equivalent military renown that could have bolstered his reputation. From August to October, John of Gaunt set up a rudimentary court and chancery at Ourense and received the submission of the Galician nobility and most of the towns of Galicia, though they made their homage to him conditional on his being recognised as king by the rest of Castile. ISBN 0-395-29031-7. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [15] During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 John of Gaunt was far from the centre of events, on the march of Scotland, but he was among those named by the rebels as a traitor to be beheaded as soon as he could be found. John sailed from England on 9 July 1386 with a huge Anglo-Portuguese fleet, carrying an army of about 5,000 men plus an extensive 'royal' household and his wife and daughters. The English destroyed the shipping in St. Malo harbour and began to assault the town by land on 14 August, but John was soon hampered by the size of his army, which was unable to forage because French armies under Olivier de Clisson and Bertrand du Guesclin occupied the surrounding countryside, harrying the edges of his force. The wealth she brought to the marriage was the foundation of John's fortune. On 23 August he was confronted by a much larger French army under Philip, Duke of Burgundy. Retrieved 6 March 2014. "Richard II: September 1397". Unlike some of Richard's other unpopular advisors, John was away from London at the time of the uprising and thus avoided the direct wrath of the rebels. Jump up ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family This story always drove him to fury.As a younger brother of Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward, the Black Prince), John exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority of Edward's son, who became King Richard II, and the ensuing periods of political strife. Spouse [31] He thus continued to signal his alliance with the Castilian royal house, while abandoning any claim to the throne. John of Gaunt Marching in winter across the Limousin plateau, with stragglers being picked off by the French, huge numbers of the army, and even larger numbers of horses, died of cold, disease or starvation. President Trump is a descendant of Hakon's only legitimate daughter, Duchess Ingibjrg Hkonardttir (Ingebjrg Hkonsdatter) who by marriage became a Swedish princess and was the mother of King Magnus of Norway and Sweden. Welcome to My Family Tree Website. Furthermore, while King Edward and the Prince of Wales were popular heroes due to their successes on the battlefield, John of Gaunt had not won equivalent military renown that could have bolstered his reputation. The marriage appears to have been happy, producing three surviving children, Philippa, Elizabeth and Henry of Bolingbroke. Prior to her widowhood, Katherine had borne at least two, possibly three, children to Lancastrian knight Sir Hugh Swynford. Jump up ^ Dame Blanche Morieux in John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster by Sydney Armitage-Smith, pp. Are You a Mayflower Descendant? New creationDuke of Lancaster In the summer of 1370, John was sent with a small army to Aquitaine to reinforce his ailing elder brother, the Black Prince, and his younger brother Edmund of Langley, Earl of Cambridge. Reason for succession failure: Famous events of the period were the Hundred Year War, the Black Death and the Peasants Revolt. Jump up ^ Sumption (2009), p. 829. [22] Most conspicuous in this short poem is the number of references to Chaucer's "beste frend". In 1485, Henry Tudor defeated Yorkist king Richard III at the battle of Bosworth, his claim to the throne also through John of Gaunts line. He died in 1387 after six years of marriage.John of Gaunt was buried beside his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, between the choir stalls of St Paul's Cathedral. Born in March 1340, John of Gaunt was the fourth son of Edward III and received his name from his birthplace, Ghent. She was the eldest daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and 4th son of Edward III, and his first wife Blanche of Lancaster, great-great-granddaughter of Henry III. Earl of Lancaster Menu. In spring 1381, a group of rebels marched on the city of London, attacking houses and towns on their way to confront the teenage king Richard II, an event that became known as the Peasants Revolt. Beset on all sides by French ambushes and plagued by disease and starvation, John of Gaunt and his raiders battled their way through Champagne, east of Paris, into Burgundy, across the Massif Central, and finally down into Dordogne. Constance He was the wealthiest, most powerful, and most hated man in England for decades. Their wedding took place near Bordeaux and was relatively quick and unceremonious. He was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (1340-1399) (third surviving son . Henry then deposed Richard and in September 1399 ascended the throne as King Henry IV. Preceded by The final years of Gaunts life were spent securing his dynasty and the welfare of his family, and trying to keep the peace in the realm. John of Gaunt (1340-1399) Prev Generation | John of Gaunt William I, King of England View famous kin of William I, King of England 7th Great-grandfather of John of Gaunt 10th Generation Ahnentafel No: 516 Father: Robert I of Normandy Mother: Herleve of Falaise Birth Date: ABT 1025 Birth Location: Falaise, Normandy, France Christening Date: Jump up ^ "Field Armour, the 'Giant' Armour". You can unsubscribe at any time. In 1386 John departed for Spain to pursue his claim to the kingship of Castile and Leon based upon his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1371. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster was born at Leicester on 31st March 1360. Another motive was John's conviction that it was only by making peace with France that it would be possible to release sufficient manpower to enforce his claim to the throne of Castile. By Blanche of Lancaster: John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (13731410)married Margaret Holland. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. His personal unpopularity persisted, however, and the failure of his expedition to Saint-Malo in 1378 did nothing for his reputation. [10] John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford can count many of Europe's royal persons among their descendants, as well as some American presidents (except for the current one - no one can really say for certain who his ancestors are because they can't find his birth certificate). Writing for HistoryExtra, historian Helen Carr shares a guide to the life of the medieval prince a tale of war, unrest and betrayal. [14] [6] Henry Bolingbroke Dame Joan Collins looked sensational as she attended Armani and A Rabbit's Foot's Power of Film dinner at swanky Isabel's restaurant in London on Tuesday. Ancestral pedigree chart of Henry VII, King of England. Blanche of Lancaster By Constance of Castile: John of Gaunt made, and the actions John of Gaunt took during his life time. Ancestor charts showing the family relationships of John of Gaunt (1340-1399) to other famous people. [29] The grave and monument were destroyed with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster (1350-1403) became governess to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster's children. Hi Everyone! John of Gaunt is a major character in Garry O'Connor's Chaucer's Triumph: Including the Case of Cecilia Chaumpaigne, the Seduction of Katherine Swynford, the Murder of Her Husband, the Interment of John of Gaunt and Other Offices of the Flesh in the Year 1399 (2007). title regranted to Many hundreds of English, including close friends and retainers of John of Gaunt, died of disease or exhaustion. Morieux held several important posts, including Constable of the Tower the year he was married, and Master of Horse to King Richard II two years later. -Music: "Serenata Immortale" by Immediate Music & "Fighting Ag. An adjacent chantry chapel was added between 1399 and 1403. John Hastings, released from his marriage to Elizabeth, married Philippa Mortimer. Chaucer married Philippa (Pan) de Roet in 1366, and Lancaster took his mistress of nearly 30 years, Katherine Swynford (de Roet), who was Philippa Chaucer's sister, as his third wife in 1396. He maintained a household comparable in scale and organisation to that of a monarch. While John of Gaunt had gambled on an early decisive battle, the Castilians were in no hurry to join battle, and he began to experience difficulties keeping his army together and paying it. 187202. A group designed to gather together living descendants of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399), who was a member of the House of Plantagenet, being the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Jump up ^ Sumption (2009), p. 274. Accessed 11 March 2008. Bosque de Palabras In 1396, three years before Gaunts death, he finally married Katherine Swynford and she became the new Duchess of Lancaster. Henry of GrosmontLord High Steward What name on the roll of English princes is more familiar? wrote Sydney Armitage-Smith, Gaunts first biographer, in 1904. The death of the Black Prince on 8 June 1376 and the onset of Edward III's last illness at the closing of Parliament on 10 July left Gaunt with all the reins of power. The unrest marked an increase in Richards confidence and personal power as king, and following the events in 1381 John of Gaunt was not treated with the same level of reverence as he was prior to the rebellion. Her great-granddaughter was Catherine of Aragon. The John of Gaunt School on Wingfield Road in Trowbridge, Wiltshire,[37] is built upon land that he once owned. Queen Elizabeth II and her predecessors since Henry IV are descended from John of Gaunt. 460461. Isabel (13681368)[26][27] FatherEdward III of England When Peter Gaunt was born on 8 December 1608, in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England, his father, Thomas Gaunt, was 37 and his mother, Isabell Wheelwright, was 27. Preceded by On 19 May 1359 at Reading Abbey, John married his third cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340-1399) 2. The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married in 1396; a later proviso that they were specifically barred from inheriting the throne, the phrase excepta regali dignitate (except royal status), was inserted with dubious authority by their half-brother Henry IV. Although he fought in the Battle of Njera (1367), for example, his later military projects proved unsuccessful. Yet, Gaunt was popular with the Scottish nobles and they treated him generously despite him being an effective outlaw in England. He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. June 7, 2022; homes for sale by owner in berwick, pa . Fortune, in turn, does not understand Chaucer's harsh words to her for she believes she has been kind to him, claims that he does not know what she has in store for him in the future, but most importantly, "And eek thou hast thy beste frend alyve" (32, 40, 48). Although Philippa died c. 1387, the men were bound as brothers and Lancaster's children by Katherine - John, Henry, Thomas and Joan Beaufort - were Chaucer's nephews and niece.On 19 May 1359 at Reading Abbey, John married his third cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. m. 1371; dec. 1394 From 1372 John gathered around himself a small court of refugee Castilian knights and ladies and set up a Castilian chancery which prepared documents in his name according to the style of Peter of Castile, dated by the Castilian era and signed by himself with the Spanish formula 'Yo El Rey' (I, the King). Although Philippa died c.1387, the men were bound as brothers and Lancaster's children by KatherineJohn, Henry, Thomas and Joan Beaufortwere Chaucer's nephews and niece. The Riverside Chaucer. John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. It is endearing to think of this as purely romantic, but it is likely that through the marriage, he sought to dutifully legitimise his four Beaufort children: John, Henry, Thomas and Joan. This effectively kept him off the scene while England endured the major political crisis of the conflict between Richard II and the Lords Appellant, who were led by John of Gaunt's younger brother Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. House of Plantagenet (by birth) From 1367 to 1374 he served as a commander in the Hundred Years War (13371453) against France. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown, since King Richard II had named Henry a traitor and changed his sentence to exile for life. Larry D. Benson and F. N. Robinson (1987). Chaucer retorts that "My frend maystow nat reven, blind goddesse" (50) and orders her to take away those who merely pretend to be his friends. The Spectator, volume 1 of 3 (plus translations and index), comprising previously unpublished eighteenth-century essays, poetry, letters and opinions, originally edited by Addison and Steele, now available in html form, as a free download from Project Gutenberg. [7] After this event the Black Prince surrendered his lordship of Aquitaine and sailed for England, leaving John in charge. John of Gaunt: key dates & facts Born: March 1340, Abbey of Saint Bavon in Ghent Died: 3 February 1399, Leicester, age 58 Parents: King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault Known for: Third surviving son of King Edward III, and a commander in the Hundred Years' War. Preceded by The parliament of 1377 was John's counter-coup: crucially, the Lords no longer supported the Commons and John was able to have most of the acts of 1376 annulled. In accordance with the legal provisions, you can ask for the removal of your name and the name of your minor children. John of Gaunt, third surviving son of King Edward III of England, was wealthy, powerful and his lineage would go on to irrevocably shape the royal histories of England and Spain. Duke of Lancaster[edit] He had outlived most of the other male Mayflower passengers, with the exception of George Soule (who died in 1679), John Alden (1687), and John Cooke (1695 . Edward of Portugal (1391-1438) 4. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster was a son of an English king. [38] Fox, 'Fourteenth-century ordinaries of Arms. Gaunt is an anglicized version of his birthplace of Ghent. The former title for Clerk of the King's Ships had been Keeper and Governor of the King's Ships and Warden of the Sea and Maritime Parts. He claimed a Spanish kingdom via his wife, daughter of King Pedro the Cruel. famous poems in zamboanga peninsula; mica mountain high school death 2021; mikey mcbryan wife; jimmy carruthers death; verret funeral home nigadoo, nb obituaries; bbc radio merseyside presenters; st john's university pharmacy program requirements; famosos con el nombre jorge; charles e merrill family tree; tulsa country club membership fees War, Politics and Culture in 14th Century England. My body to be buried in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, of London, near the principal altar, beside my most dear late wife Blanch, who is there interred. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (19101959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K. Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), vol. [13] It was rumoured (and believed by many people in England and France) that he intended to seize the throne for himself and supplant the rightful heir, his nephew Richard, the Black Prince's son, but there seems to have been no truth in this and on the death of Edward III and the accession of the child Richard II Gaunt sought no position of regency for himself and withdrew to his estates. View famous kin of John of Gaunt 2nd Great-grandfather of Elizabeth of York 5th Generation Ahnentafel No: 22 Father: Edward III, King of England Mother: Philippa of Hainault Birth Date: 6 Mar 1340 Birth Location: Ghent, Belgium Christening Date: Christening Location: Death Date: 3 Feb 1399 In addition, John's daughter Catherine of Lancaster was married to King Henry III of Castile, which made him the grandfather of King John II of Castile and the ancestor of all subsequent monarchs of the Crown of Castile and united Spain. Their relationship was considered to be scandalous and the chronicler of Saint Albans Thomas Walsingham named Gaunt a fornicator and adulterer, a reputation he suffered for most of his life. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. {{ media.date_translated }}. Gaunt is an anglicisation of Ghent John of Gaunt was born in the abbey of Saint Bavo in Ghent, modern-day Belgium, on 6 March 1340, while his father, who had claimed the throne of France in 1337, was seeking allies against the French among the dukes and counts of the Low Countries. The Riverside Chaucer. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [8] Just before leaving Aquitaine, on 21 September 1371 he married Infanta Constance of Castile at Roquefort, near Bordeaux, Guienne. Henry IV of England (13671413) married (1) Mary de Bohun (13691394); (2) Joanna of Navarre (13681437) Preceded by (#3815) FamousKin.com. Through John II of Castile's great-granddaughter Joanna the Mad, John of Gaunt is also an ancestor of the Habsburg rulers who would reign in Spain and much of central Europe.John of Gaunt's eldest son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, the son of his first wife Blanche of Lancaster, was exiled for ten years by King Richard II in 1398 as resolution to a dispute between Henry and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk. His time at the head of government was marked by the so-called Good Parliament of 1376 and the Bad Parliament of 1377. John of Gaunt was married three times and each of his wives were from incredibly different backgrounds. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth. The phrase "long castel" is a reference to Lancaster (also called "Loncastel" and "Longcastell"), "walles white" is thought to likely be an oblique reference to Blanche, "Seynt Johan" was John of Gaunt's name-saint, and "ryche hil" is a reference to Richmond; these thinly veiled references reveal the identity of the grieving black knight of the poem as John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Richmond. You are here: Home 1 / avia_transparency_logo 2 / News 3 / famous descendants of john of gaunt. Joan's eldest son Richard Neville was the father of the Kingmaker Earl of Warwick. He claimed a Spanish kingdom via his wife, daughter of King Pedro the Cruel. So here goes. The real thorn in their marriage was Gaunts mistress, Katherine Swynford. Royal Armouries. The fact that he became identified with the attempts to make peace added to his unpopularity at a period when the majority of Englishmen believed victory would be in their grasp if the French could be roundly defeated as they had been in the 1350s. [3] When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown as King Richard II named Hereford a traitor and changed his sentence to exile for life. vol. Children[edit] This fascinating man and woman are estimated to have millions of descendants. The original owners were the descendants of Spain's most famous soldier, Gonzalo Frnandez de Crdoba, the Great Captain, whose life story will unfold during this journey through Andaluca. 99 ISBN 0 002551284 He was the immediate ancestor of the three 15th-century Lancastrian monarchs, Henry IV, V, and VI. Blanche (13591388/89), married Sir Thomas Morieux (13551387) in 1381, without issue This was the counterpart to his brother, the Black Prince's, "shield for peace" (on which the ostrich feathers were white), and may have been used in jousting. The adulterous relationship endured until 1381, when it was broken out of political necessity. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third of four surviving sons of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Despite his loss of property, he also spent the immediate aftermath of the revolt unaware of the position and intention of the young Richard II. 7 Family He owned land in almost every county in England, producing a net income of between 8,000 and 10,000 a year (several millions in today's terms). Chaucer's Book of the Duchess, also known as the Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse,[20] was written in commemoration of Blanche of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's first wife. Jump up ^ Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541 ; year 1396; http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT6/R2/CP40no541a/aCP40no541afronts/IMG_0140.htm ; several entries, as Duke of Aquitaine & Lancaster; and as King of Castille & Duke of Lancaster Near the end of their lives Lancaster and Chaucer became brothers-in-law. Major children and living persons must directly contact the, Relationship with x x (Sosa/Ahnentafel #1), Relationship with KATHERINE DE ROET (spouse), Relationship with Blanche Of LANCASTER (spouse), Relationship with Constanza DE CASTILE-LEON (spouse), Relationship with Marie De St HILAIRE (spouse), Browse using this individual as Sosa/Ahnentafel #1, List of all individuals in the family tree, {{ 'gw_downgraded_access_back_to_max'|translate }}, Born 24June1340 - Abbaye de St Bav, Ghent, Flanders, Belgium, Deceased (3 FEB 1398/99) - Leicester Castle, Leicestershire, Buried in1399 - St Pauls Cathedral, London, Middlesex, Burial: Note: - John of Gaunt was buried alongside his first wife, Blanche ofLancaster, in the nave of Old St. Paul's Cathedral in an alabaster tomb. MotherPhilippa of Hainault Jump up ^ Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt, pp. 1 Duke of Lancaster Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Near the end of their lives, Lancaster and Chaucer became brothers-in-law. Family connections : He was the the third son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. John Winslow came over in 1621. 12 Bibliography In 1399, Henry of Bolingbroke returned to England and overthrew Richard II, becoming the first Lancastrian king, as Henry IV. However, in his absence crisis ensued almost immediately, and in 1387 King Richard's misrule brought England to the brink of civil war. ISBN 0198201745. Their son Henry Bolingbroke became Henry IV of England, after the duchy of Lancaster was taken by Richard II upon John's death while Henry was in exile. Internet Archive. Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter Here are 10 facts about the royal ancestor, John of Gaunt. 13711388 1399 Cardinal Henry Beaufort In faith of which I have placed hereto the seal of my arms, and also my own signet, which I always carry myself, in the presence of the following witnesses: Maistre John Kenyngham, Doctor in Theology; Sir John Newton, Parson of the Church of Burbach; Sir Walter Piers, Parson of the Church of Wymondham; William Harpeden, and Robert Symeon, Esquires; and by John de Bynbrok, of the Diocese of Lincoln, Notary. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster The third surviving son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault John of Gaunt was born in 1340 at the Abbey of St Bavon, in Ghent in modern-day Belgium. The three princes are believed to represent the dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester, and a portion of line 76, "as three of you or tweyne," to refer to the ordinance of 1390 which specified that no royal gift could be authorised without the consent of at least two of the three dukes. Helen Carr is an historian, writer, TV and podcast producer, specialising in medieval history and public history. The Lancastrian Affinity, 13611399. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, was born on March 6, 1340 to King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. House Preceded by Nov 10, 2016 - John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford can count many of Europe's royal persons among their descendants, as well as some American presidents. Following the death of his father, and his brother Edward the Black Prince, John became effective regent of England during the minority reign of his nephew, Richard II, Wives: Blanche of Lancaster, m135968; Constance of Castile m137194; Katherine Swynford, m139699, Legacy: In October 1399, after overthrowing Richard II, Johns eldest son was crowned Henry IV, the first Lancastrian king of England. Though Gaunt is considered for posterity as an unpopular figure, this was largely only within London-centric circles. Though John was never able to make good his claim, his daughter by Constance, Catherine of Lancaster, became Queen of Castile by marrying Henry III of Castile. Harris, Oliver D. (2010). 7.1 Ancestry Kenilworth Castle, a massive fortress extensively modernised and given a new Great Hall by John of Gaunt after 1350 Gaunt and Warwick then decided to strike Harfleur, the base of the French fleet on the Seine. 2nd creation CODICIL TO THE SAID WILL Item. The church of St John the Baptist (San Juan Bautista) has to be approached by a steep cobbled street, the Cuesta de San Juan, off a bend in the . rockwell commander 112 interior. John's daughter, Blanche, married Sir Thomas Morieux in 1381. By 1660 it was described in an inventory as "a large white armour cap-a-pe, said to be John of Gaunts", and this erroneous description has remained with the armour. On his return from France in 1374, John took a more decisive and persistent role in the direction of English foreign policy, and from then until 1377 because his father and elder brother were both ill and unable to exercise their authority, he was effectively the head of the English government. John of Gaunt was my first Plantagenet when I swiped my eldest brother's copy of Anya Seton's historical novel Katherine when I was about thirteen. The grave and monument were destroyed with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666. 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